Pay for Time Not Worked

The average hourly rated full-time employee makes about $33,000 a year in year. Which broken down to all the time given off, only actually earns about $26,000. As for the employees which are paid through set salaries, the average Individual makes about $40,000 In which only about $33,000 Is worked productively. As we can see, we are losing out about $7,000 per employee, hourly or not. All the given non-productive is the same for all employees across the board. As you can see, this issue needs to be addressed and hence my recommendations. We have 60 employees in our corporate office.On average, we lose out on about $420,000. 00 a year. We can definitely cut back on some of these non-productive hours and start making them profitable. All employees get 10 days vacation, we can change our probation period from 90 to 120 days, and employees are not allowed to take any time off until they have successfully surpassed 6 months. Furthermore, depending on your start date with the company, we c an prorate the amount of vacation time allowed. If you commence In the months of November or December, vacation does not apply being that we go by the calendar year.In regards to holidays, we can exclude from having he day after Thanksgiving off, this would save us about $9500. 00 for this one day alone and it would increase our productivity during the holiday season which can be very beneficial in our case being that property management companies always have tenants calling into the office right before a major holiday. Moreover, company policy states that there should be 10 days of training for every department. Nevertheless, the training period of 10 days does not need to apply to everyone. I believe that some procedures can be learned in one week as opposed to two.Training policies should be adjusted depending on department and position. Anyone who Is eager to learn can do it in the allotted time and If this is not the case, other individuals need to be seeded especially If the p osition Is not entry level. Lastly, another aspect of â€Å"non-productive time† which can be reduced Is the minutes on the coffee break. There are currently two dally coffee breaks which are 15 minutes each. We can reduce them to 10 minutes or 5 minutes each and the caffeine addicts would nave no Dados to complain . We would a Know Tanat people are at tenet ease longer Duty enjoying their coffee at the same time.In conclusion, non-productive time can be educed in a manner that will benefit the company but no upset the employees at the same time. The economy right now is a tough one and no one wants to be out of a Job or get their hours cut back because we all have bills to pay every month. The proposed changes are both realistic and possible. It is Just a matter of presenting it to the employees in a manner in which they understand is needed for the company and beneficial. We can always make comparisons with other companies who have it worse than we do and this would help th em see that less non-productive time is better than no non-productive time.

Why President Hindenburg Gave Hitler Chancellorship in 1933

Throughout this essay, I will be aiming to explain why President Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler, leader of the Nazi party, as Chancellor in 1933. There were many factors that affected Hindenburg’s appointment however, from a behind-the-scenes power struggle between Germany’s leading politicians, the fear of Communism, and the fact that the Nazi’s were indeed the largest party represented in the Reichstag, having previously gained a large 37. 5% of the votes in 1932. Under normal circumstances, Hitler would have been made Chancellor as he came from the largest party represented.However, backstage politics and a dislike towards him from Hindenburg stalled Hitler’s hopes of becoming Chancellor. But firstly, before going into detail into some of the factors, I will set the scene regarding the state of Germany and indeed the world, post WW1, leading up to 1933. Following defeat in WW2, and the abdication of the German Kaiser, Germany was in crisis, lacking l eadership and support from its people. There was no support for the Provisional Government who had just signed the Armistice, despite the German people believing they were on the brink of winning the war, prompting the ‘stab in the back theory’.The following year, the new Republic, the Weimar Government signed the Treaty of Versailles, something else that angered the German people as it made Germany pay astronomical reparation sums in compensation and have its army drastically reduced to 100,000 men. Hitler used both of these stories in building support for the Nazi’s in the early 30’s. What followed was a period of hyperinflation in 1923 as Germany couldn’t keep up with the reparation demands of the Allies; many German people suffered with poverty and lost life savings.What followed however were years of prosperous fortune for the German people, known as the ‘Golden Twenties’. Gustav Stresemann led the recovery, restoring Germanyâ€⠄¢s international reputation, rebuilding a troubled economy, and seeking help from the US through the Dawes Plan in 1924, before his untimely death in 1929. 1929 saw Wall Street, the US stock exchange crash, kicking off the Great Depression. Germany was hit hard and faced mass unemployment, rising to 6 million people by 1932. It was around this time that people started taking Left Wing parties seriously, voting for the Communists and the Nazi’s.The conditions gave Hitler ammunition to gain support from the people. Hitler was a renowned public speaker and would make up any lie to please the people of Germany at any time, in any place. Coupled with his Nazi propaganda and the fear of Communism in Germany, Hitler had the perfect platform to gain votes in the Reichstag, and would soon be on his way to becoming Chancellor. Now, having looked at the history behind the years leading up to 1933, I can now look deeper into the individual factors behind Adolf Hitler cementing his posit ion as Chancellor.In my opinion, the main reason as to why Hindenburg made Hitler Chancellor in 1923 was because the Nazi’s had indeed become the largest party in the Reichstag. As mentioned previously, the party had gained 37. 5% of the votes in the previous election, and although this wasn’t a majority politically, it had become a majority psychologically, in the fact that the Nazi’s could no longer be ignored as they had been in previous years. This was proven when Franz Von Papen, much to Hitler’s distress was given Chancellorship in late 1932.He was the leader of the Catholic Centre Party but as the Nazi’s controlled over a third of the Reichstag, he failed to gain full support. General Von Schleicher was in the same boat, as he also failed to gain full support. Enter Adolf Hitler, the only man who could truly get anything done, as he was the only man who could unite the Reichstag, making him the obvious choice for Chancellor. Another factor l eading to Hitler’s rise to Chancellorship was the popularity of himself, the party, and the policies they promoted.The Nazi’s policies seemed to suit all of the German people, and he would even lie to the people in order to gain their full support. Policies such as rebuilding the army, abolishing mass unemployment, and his attitude towards ‘inferior’ races would not have gone un-noticed by Hindenburg, as he would have seen this drastic rise in support, as well as the rise in seats in the Reichstag. Coupled with the policies of the Nazi’s are Hitler’s inspiring, heart-felt speeches.Widely-regarded as one of the greatest public speakers of all time, alongside people such as Martin Luther King, he had the ability to tug on the heartstrings of people who didn’t even support the Nazi’s, especially when he spoke of making Germany great again and restoring a broken country to its former stature. This was a quality that President Hinden burg certainly wanted in his Chancellor, someone who could connect with the nation and address them with such power and belief, provided it could be controlled. Other factors leading to Hitler becoming Chancellor was the fear of Communism throughout Germany.In the years 1930-1932, the support for the German Communist party increased astronomically, due to support from the working class. It was also well documented that the German Communist Party was the largest in Europe (outside of the Soviet Union). However, not all people liked the Communists, and many large business owners and farmers chose to vote for the Nazi’s. In fact, many of the votes that the Nazi’s received were actually gained because people didn’t want to vote for the Communists and because of Hitler’s publicized hatred towards them.If the Communists had ceased to exist, many would question if the Nazi’s would have received many votes at all? In summary, there was very weak opposition to the Nazi’s, with the Democrats and Communists refusing to work together and stop the Nazi’s, no one offered a stern resistance and seemed more content with arguing than resolving Germany’s political issues. This would have also been recognised by Hindenburg, and even though he disliked Hitler he couldn’t afford to appoint a Chancellor that didn’t offer strong, effective leadership.Hitler seemed to be the perfect choice at that moment in time. Another considerable factor which helped Hitler in his rise to power was the Wall Street Crash of 1929, which eventually led to the Great Depression, something that rocked the entire world. Germany had been struck with its second economic crisis of the decade, and without Gustav Stresemann, the Weimar Government didn’t have the brain they needed to ‘steady the ship’. This led to mass unemployment, starvation, German Firms going bankrupt and people lost the confidence to invest.Mass unem ployment left the Government short on money, as workers were no longer paying taxes; therefore they were unable to do anything to help the poor, making them extremely unpopular. Enter the extremist parties, and as unemployment figures rose over the coming years, so did the votes for the Nazi’s and by January 1932, the Nazi party had received 13. 4 million votes. In this time of hardship, Hindenburg had to go with who the people wanted. The Weimar Government had run its cause, and Germany needed a new Chancellor, someone who they could look at with optimism and belief.Hindenburg realised that this man was Adolf Hitler. My final reasons as to why I believe Hitler was made Chancellor in 1933, is due to the belief of Hindenburg and Von Papen that they could ultimately control Adolf Hitler, and act as puppet-master’s behind the scenes, having Hitler, the public idol, transfer their messages. They believed that if they conveyed their ideology through Hitler, the public would be more respectful of the decisions. At this point, only 3 of the 12 politicians who made up Hitler’s cabinet were actually Nazi’s, and with Von Papen as Vice-Chancellor, Hindenburg believed he could be controlled.In the following months, Hitler blamed the Reichstag Fire on the Communists and with the Presidents help, banned them from future elections and threw major Communist leaders into jail. He then forced the Nationalist party to join the Nazi’s and create a Coalition, giving him the majority he needed to pass the Enabling Law, which meant he could now do as he wished, and after President Hindenburg’s untimely death in August 1933, he became dictator of Germany.Although Von Papen and Hindenburg originally believed they could control him, Hitler had obtained way too much power over the course of 1933, in complete contrast to what they wanted him to achieve. Overall, I do not believe that there was one decisive factor that cemented Hitler’s pos ition as Chancellor, instead, it was a mixture of a variety of circumstances that all seemed to fall in to place at the right time for the Nazi’s.Hypothetically speaking it was like a giant row of dominoes, with each domino resembling a factor, all toppling in unison. However, remove a factor, such as the Wall Street crash or the fear of Communism, and you break the chain that Hitler needed to become Chancellor. Therefore I believe that along with parts of political genius, Hitler also received numerous strokes of fortune on the road to becoming one of the most powerful leaders the world had ever seen.

Is there anything we can do to save the environment Essay

Is there anything we can do to save the environment - Essay Example Various aspects of going green can be used in such an initiative. To begin with, the world should start by the initiative of planting trees. Over the last decade, the world has experienced massive deforestation, where many trees are used as a source of energy, raw materials, and other uses. This has had a dire effect on the climate change, especially when looking at the ratio of gases in the air. With massive deforestation, the numbers of trees that purify the air are reduced. As such, there will be excessive carbon in the air. This will pose a danger to environmental conservation, as the initiatives will not be optimized. To rectify such a situation, there is a need to reflect on the positivity of planting trees on large scale (Cook 140). For example, the late Professor Wangari Maathai initiated the Greenbelt movement. This was an initiative to help in conserving the environment from the forecasted climate change. Through the initiative, she was awarded a Nobel Prize. This shows tha t the world is appreciating such initiatives in ensuring the world is conserved to the highest limits. Secondly, there is a need to stop deforestation. Many countries across the globe have initiated strict penalties on deforestation, as it is a threat to the world’s ecosystems. Therefore, this initiative should be enhanced in the whole world, as it will be a prudent approach in conserving the environment. According to research, the population of trees in the world has been drastically reducing.

Does Democracy Facilitate Economic Reforms Essay

Does Democracy Facilitate Economic Reforms - Essay Example Moreover, human rights protection, secularism, freedom of expression, lack of censoring etc are some other characteristics of Indian democracy. On the other hand, India’s neighbouring countries like Myanmar/Burma, North Korea, Pakistan, Afghanistan etc are struggling to mobilize their internal resources because of the lack of democracy in these countries. These countries have severe internal problems which retard their efforts to attain economic growth. Pakistan and Afghanistan are believed to be the major contributors to global terrorism and they are facing the consequences of it now. Burma and North Korea don’t have any belief in freedom, liberty and human rights and their slow economic progress underlines importance of democracy in maintaining economic progress. Pakistan is considered as a democratic country by the Pak government and the Pak people; however, external political observers have strong disagreements. In a true democratic country, judiciary, executive and parliament will combine well and function together for the progress of the country. In Pakistan, these democratic institutions often clash each other. We have witnessed the removal of Pak Supreme court judge by the former Pakistan president Pervez Musharaf and the subsequent problems in Pakistan. â€Å"An independent judiciary prospers only in countries where democracy, human rights and in particular a free press, set a general framework stabilizing the rule of law† (Tomuschat, p.308). Judiciary is considered as an independent body functioning in a democratic country. Normally a democratic government will respect the rulings of the Supreme Court in that country even if they have different opinions. It is the duty of... This paper approves that democratization puts in place a system of checks and balances that penalizes self-interested leaders, and creates an atmosphere conducive to economic liberalization policies whereas communism encourages the legacy of exploitation. In most of the nondemocratic countries, the power rested entirely on the shoulders of some dictators. These dictators may not have much interest in the development of the country because of the absence of any objections against their policies. In the absence of democratic institutional reform, it is nearly impossible to implement liberalisation policies that seek to de-monopolise the economy, and open it to competition. Healthy competition is necessary for the implementation of the economic reformation process. In the absence of competition, nobody will take much interest in seeking new ways to improve their productivity or competing power and the hence the economy will never grow. This report makes a conclusion that without doubt or second thoughts, we can say that democracy facilitates economic reforms. Except China, most of the other countries which implemented economic reforms and achieved growth are democratic countries and hence the importance of democracy in stimulating economic growth cannot be neglected. China’s success in implementing economic reforms can be attributed to their readiness in borrowing and implementing some of the core principles of democratic administrations. In short, democracy and its principles definitely facilitate economic reforms.

Particle Physics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

Particle Physics - Essay Example Search for a complete or full particle physics model is still on and experts are exploring the options of either producing a completely new innovative theory or model or constructing an efficient model merging the relative gravity and the Standard Models. This search saw the emergence of a variety of new-age models beyond the Standard Model. However, merging these theories is not so simple as it sounds and there are some difficulties that need to be tackled (Green et. al., 1987). These models are build upon different basic assumptions and concepts and this is why one finds it difficult to merge such models. QFT depends on particle fields embedded in the flat space-time of special relativity whereas, General Relativity accounts gravity as a curvature within space-time that changes as mass moves (Zee A., 2003). The simple option of merging these two theories considering gravity as another particle field seems to end up creating the so-called renormalization problem. As per the traditional understanding, gravity particles would attract each other and add up all the interactions resulting in many infinite values which cannot be easily cancelled out by methematical interventions (Linde, 1990), thereby ruling out the possibility of getting any sensible or finite results or values. This outcome is in contrast with quantum electrodynamics where, the addition of the interactions results in comparatively lesser infinite values which can be removed or cancelled out via renormalization (Banks, 1985). The long-range forces like the electromagnetic and gravity forces are believed to be meditated by massless particles with spin j 1 and as such, proper description of such massless particles in quantum field theory (QFT) is very important (Aitchison & Hey, 1989). This directionally brings in the fascinating approach of emergent gravity indicating that gravity may not be a component of fundamental physics. However, this concept of emergent gravity theory has been branded to be a misguided one by Steven Weinberg and Edward Witten (See, Jackson & Okun, 2001). Gravity was speculated to be an emergent phenemonon during the 1980s and supporting this, many theories like the 'Preon theories', Technicolor theories', etc. went on to regard that gluons might be composite. Noticing this, Weinberg & Witten came out with a 'no-go theorem' called the 'Weinberg-Witten Theorem' that excludes the hypothetical composite and emergent theories (Wienberg & Witten, HUTP-80). This theorem indicates that an i nteracting graviton cannot emerge from an ordinary Quantum Field Theory (QFT) in the same space-time. The Weinberg-Witten theorem forbids the existence of any massless particles with helicity j>1 in any theory with a Lorentz covariant energy-momentum tensor and also restricts charged massless particles of helicity>1/2 in any theory with a Lorentz covariant conserved current. This basically prohibits the existence of both graviton and the gluon but this can be avoided due to gauge symmetries. Taking on from here, this paper proceeds to decode and

Experience Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Experience Assignment - Essay Example Since the far-reaching economic reforms from the late 1960s, growth has fuelled a remarkable increase in per capita income and at the same time, however, income disparities have increased. The growing income inequality is illustrated clearly by the living standards between the urban and the rural areas. The last three decades have seen unprecedented progress when it comes to reducing extreme poverty around the world, but there is still an awful lot more to be done. However, as the World Bank still points out, there are still roughly 1.3 billion people completely destitute, including about 400 million children. People around the world in â€Å"extreme poverty† tend to lack enough food to meet basic physical and mental needs. Judging from the daily incomes of the extremely poor around the world, extreme poverty is getting less deep. Poverty for middle and high income countries fell more than 50 percent since 1982. When one looks closely st the recent progress in the developing world, much of it is mostly attributed to countries like China, and to a lesser extent, India, whose amped up economic growth in recent years reduced their poverty rates. By contrast, extreme poverty in the 35 â€Å"low-income† countries fell by less than 33 percent. Aside from China and India, In dividuals living in extreme poverty in the developing world, today appear to be as poor as those living in extreme poverty thirty years ago, as the World bank puts it. Instead of asking myself which car should I buy, or what clothes should I wear or which different restaurant should I visit next, living on less than t $5 forces one to really have a tight budget as you cannot afford the luxuries that some of us do take for granted at times. When money is tight, we have to make whatever we have to stretch and lesser money means smaller, simpler meals. In this day and era, it is impossible to live without a

Finance essay on Mergers and Acquisition Assignment

Finance essay on Mergers and Acquisition - Assignment Example According to Roll (2009), between 1996 and 2001, there were over 57,000 alliances and 74,000 acquisitions in the US with a combined value of $12 trillion. Milner (2010) further notes that even in the wake of the 2009 financial depression, the value of top 10 merger and acquisition deals exceeded $1 billion. T...... In the UK for instance, the body charged with the examination of mergers and acquisition lies in the Office of Fair Trading and the Competition Commission, formerly Monopolies and Mergers Commission (Griffiths & Wall 2004). A merger is a form of strategy where firms, usually of equal magnitude mutually integrate their business operations on a co-equal basis. On the other hand, the acquisition strategy involves a firm buying control rights or 100% stake from another with the intention of making the newly acquired firm a component of its business portfolio (Schuler & Jackson 2001). On completion of the acquisition cycle, the management of the acquiring firm becomes the power answerable to. While Griffiths and Wall (2004) consider acquisition and take-over as the synonyms in business, Hitt, Ireland and Hoskinsson differentiate the two by introducing the aspect of no soliciting or otherwise â€Å"unfriendly acquisition† in reference to a take-over (2011, pg.189). Albeit Griffiths and Wall (2004, p.74) claim that mergers and acquisitions account for â€Å"50% of the increase in assets and 60% of the increase in industrial concentration,† Carey et al. (2001) argue that there has been minimal research on performance of organisations in post-acquisition period with Hitt et al. (2009) and Weston, Siu and Johnson (2001) arguing that averagely, firms would create little or no value through mergers and acquisitions. Case Study: Apple’s Acquisition of Lala Media Inc. Introduction to the acquisition Apple Inc. is a 1976 Steve Jobs, Ronald Wayne and Steve Wozniak founded US based Multinational Corporation dealing with designing and selling personal computers, computer software and consumer electronics. Among its major hardware products include Macintosh

Business proposal letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business proposal letter - Essay Example ng light regarding the concerns about the practical aspects of Constitution of the United States of America.   This declaration is the supreme legal authority of the US and confers the kinds of privileges that the people of the US could enjoy within the ambit of the law. There have been twenty seven Amendments to this Constitution, the first ten of these amendments now being known as the Bill of Rights. Perhaps, one of the main objectives that the drafters of the world’s oldest and shortest written Constitution had in mind while drafting has undoubtedly been the protection and safeguard of the prerogatives and rights of the people of the country, perhaps against authoritarian administration and the potential threat of infringement of individual rights as autonomous citizens of a free and sovereign State.   Paradoxically, however, there has been no mention of the word ’slavery’ anywhere in the US Constitution, although its ominous portent is one of the fundamental motives of the framing and enunciation of the American Constitution.   The American Constitution is subdivided into three parts- Executive, Legislative and Judicial. They have their roles and responsibilities carved out and more often than not, there is no overlapping, or transgression between these three constituent divisions. The political process, including appointment of Presidents and other important matters require the approval of Senate too. Perhaps the farsightedness of the crafters of the American Constitution is now evident. â€Å"When viewed through the lens of the twenty first century, the creation of a durable, democratic nation among thirteen disparate and far flung sovereign states assumes an aura of inevitability.† (Beeman). A research study of this genre in the realms of American Constitutional laws is as interesting and absorbing as it is challenging. This research would fundamentally seek to convey the modern views and perspectives on an important piece of constitutional laws,

Literature Review Parent's Impact on Children's Physical Activity Essay

Literature Review Parent's Impact on Children's Physical Activity Levels - Essay Example But these studies have been anything but simple. The evolution of man when studied on children is an uphill task to say the least. There are many complex phenomena that are involved in it, and one should be conscious while making the same assumptions for adults that one makes for children. There were a huge number of interesting findings that lead to learn more about the way children behave in general, especially in the realm of physically activity. One would like to assume, that since there are obvious differences between children, this it would be fair to assume that they are different on some form of physical attribute as well. Eccles et al (1997) concludes that, children have more competence beliefs for physical values in so far as learning from the parents is concerned. This variation is not only of academic value, but would also end up determine possible patterns of behavior, which would in turn establish both individual as well as social behavior, that can have economic as well as political implications. Therefore, in order to form a conclusion about the ability of children to read and the differences therein, it is important to consider the biological and psychological basis of the same. In a recent study, children's development was shown to be affected by the content of the activities (Oakhill and Petrides, 2007). Therefore, an act that actually triggers their fancy, and would be of some value to their interests is likely to have them engrossed in the activity for a greater amount of time. The way children start physical development, and the differences therein are crucial to understand before an impression about their future development can be formulated. It is the difference in choice of toy that they start showing initially, from which the first signs of gender identity appear to develop. Parents' role in encouragement and support It has now been established that children from a very young age start to develop affiliation and understanding of the parents. Even when a child is of a few months, he/she starts to show sense of attachment as Piaget has been able to conclude through his work. From about 9 months onwards, children start to get appreciation of familiar figures, and their absence as potent matters of existence. This then transforms into attachment in due course, which transcends into role identification. Stewart, et al, (2003) elucidates that "physical activity interventions targeted at children should include and evaluate the efficacy of individual-level and community-level strategies to increase parents' capacity to provide instrumental and motivational support for their children's physical activity." This further is also supported by Cleland, et al, (2005) wherein it is established that parental exercise influences their children's participation in extracurricular sports. The behaviorist theory entails that a person learns every thing from its environment, and that a person is more likely to produce an act, which he has seen before. It can also be understood in the context of imitating or modeling, whereby similar acts are repeated. "Environmental influences such as parental approval and social custom shape us into wanting certain things and not wanting others" (Rathus, p. 399, 2002). In the same light, Garrett, et al (1999) purport that it is worth considering that children are nor necessarily a unanimous group; they

Texas Squatter's Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Texas Squatter's Rights - Essay Example result, each house was increasingly shifted to the east side of its lot, until the house on Lot 5 was built next to that lot’s eastern boundary with Lot 6. This case concerns a driveway built on a 20-foot strip of land just east of that boundary — a strip everyone assumed was on Lot 5, but was actually on Lot 6. When Lillian Haliburton bought Lot 5 in 1970, Lot 6 was owned by her brother’s family, the Buddes. For many years, both families used the driveway on the disputed strip. The driveway led to a garage built on both lots, which Haliburton used for parking and storage. Although Haliburton was no longer living at the time of trial, there was testimony that family members all presumed mistakenly that the driveway and garage belonged to her Lot 5. In 1995, the Buddes sold Lot 6 to the defendants, Minh Thu Tran and Norman L. Roser. In 2001, Haliburton sold Lot 5 to the plaintiffs, William and Nita Macha, who already owned Lot 4 to the west. During the latter transaction, a survey revealed that the driveway was not a part of Lot 5, so the Machas secured a quitclaim deed conveying any interest Haliburton might have acquired in the strip by adverse possession. When Tran and Roser learned of the survey, they obtained a permit and erected a fence around the strip. This suit ensued. A jury found the strip had passed by adverse possession to Haliburton, and thence to the Machas. The First Court of Appeals affirmed, holding in a divided opinion that Haliburton’s use of the strip and everyone’s mistaken belief that she owned it were legally sufficient evidence of adverse possession. See 176 S.W.3d 128 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2004). We disagree. Under Texas law, adverse possession requires â€Å"an actual and visible appropriation of real property, commenced and continued under a claim of right that is inconsistent with and is hostile to the claim of another person.† Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code  § 16.021(1). The statute requires visible appropriation;

Compare the Effects of the Use of Different Narrative Voice in Miramar and Devil on the Cross Essay Example for Free

Compare the Effects of the Use of Different Narrative Voice in Miramar and Devil on the Cross Essay In both Ngugi’s â€Å"Devil on the Cross† and Naguib’s â€Å"Miramar† we see a distinctive use of polyphony to convey both the political stances and social viewpoints of the authors. Although, the use of this literary technique differs between the two novels, the authors both have the same intention of persuading the reader to agree with their personal stand-point. Ngugi’s use of this literary narrative technique consists of describing the argument that he is attempting to put across to the reader, from the perspective of all of the characters to portray it in a light that leaves no room for reasonable doubt, where upon in â€Å"Miramar† Naguib manipulation of the narrative is more subtle at commenting upon the social class divides and barriers in the Egyptian society of the era in which it was written. To consider now, how this use of polyphony affects the readers of â€Å"Miramar† the aim of Naguib must first be questioned. Upon interpretation the character Zohra can be seen as a crucial part of the novel despite not having a section to narrate her side of the story. The reason for this could be that Naguib wanted to use Zohra as a symbol for his notion of an ideal, modern Egyptian. Being a religious Egyptian himself, there are evident influences of his native culture, in the representation of this ideal Egyptian, Zohra. However, this concept of Zohra being a semiotic for Egypt is not the only point to consider whilst interpreting the narrative structure’s impact; rather, it is the interaction between Zohra and the different narrators in the novel, that is crucial to analyse . This is especially important, as the different narrators are all from different backgrounds and can be clearly discerned as representations of the different Egyptian social classes. The intention of Naguib could most definitely be, to help the reader understand the varying lives of people from the different social classes in Egypt and the problems that arise because of these divides. An interpretation as to the reason why Zohra doesn’t have her own section to narrate could be because of the fact that, as stated previously, she is the symbol of Egypt, and quite simply she represents the struggle Egypt faces when fairly telling its own story. Instead of being given the chance to speak freely the novel is only told by people who have been influenced by the â€Å"Wafd† or â€Å"the revolution† or even the colonists, and therefore they are tainted, and no longer considered pure of mind. There is an unmistakable feeling of Naguib’s resentment towards the way â€Å"times have changed. This bitterness is especially impressed upon the reader regarding the new beliefs that people should be separated into social class groups and is present throughout the narrative of each character. Especially in Amer Wagdi’s narration, as the reader can almost imagine Naguib speaking in place of Amer when describing that they are foolish â€Å"obstacles† that separates Zohra from her love, Sarhan, because although â€Å"times have changed,† â€Å"young men haven’t changed†. In a similar style to Naguib, Ngugi also uses a female character to symbolise his country. In â€Å"Devil on the Cross† Wariinga is clearly intended to be interpreted by Ngugi as a symbol of Kenya and Ngugi has also, like Naguib, used the narrative to help enhance the symbolic interpretation of the interaction between Wariinga and the characters around her. However, Ngugi’s use of autobiographical narrative is highly differentiated from Naguib’s in the sense that Ngugi merges the narrative voice unnoticeably into the tone of the character in which he is focusing on. Ngugi does this especially in the â€Å"Matatu† chapter of the novel. This is a highly symbolic scene, used to portray the perspectives of each character, and these perspectives are particularly important as each character is an exemplary representation of the different social classes and backgrounds in Kenya. As this autobiographical narrative is used, it makes the reader empathise more and become more emotionally attached to the characters because they can relate personally, where as attempting to relate to the masses of people that these characters are representation would depersonalise the interaction Ngugi is trying to achieve between the reader and the story. Wangari, a character who is easily recognised as a symbol for the â€Å"Old Kenya† and the â€Å"Old Haraambe† is a clear example of this shift into an autobiographical narrative as her thoughts are written to the reader, revealing a greater insight into there character than is otherwise normal, this is particularly important as her saga tells the story of the Kenya before the colonists. It is through her history that the audience is able to discern the passionate feelings Ngugi holds of resentment towards the capitalist society that Kenya has become. Focusing more on this conviction of scorn held by Ngugi, the â€Å"Matatu† is also a vastly important chapter of â€Å"Devil on the Cross† because of its use of Socratic dialogue. Likewise to Naguib, Ngugi uses a character of his plot as a medium to express his feelings towards what his country has evolved to. Considering now Wangari, the poor, woman who, â€Å"wore no shoes† and â€Å"fought for [the] country’s independence† is definitely the mouthpiece for Ngugi as he himself has fought and is still fighting, even with this novel, for the independence of Kenya. Moreover, the juxtaposition of this Socratic dialogue is even more effective as it is placed in direct opposition to the materialistic, and greedy views of Mwaura, the foreign minded matatu driver who measures â€Å"Independence not [by the] tales about the past but the sound of money in one’s pocket†; a parallel with this character can clearly be drawn between him and one of the people in â€Å"Western suits,† who â€Å"took the devil off the cross. † Contrastingly, unlike Devil on the Cross, Miramar’s revolutionists, are not fighting the same cause, and are in fact met with the same praise as Wangari was by the rest of the Kenyan’s in the matatu. The revolutions of Miramar are, although quite central to the plot, often talked about but yet never given a voice of their own. These revolutionists goal in Miramar isn’t as simple as encouraging the revolution, however, they are in fact symbolic of the greater problems in Egypt, because the characters never verbally oppose the revolution (the problems in Egypt since the colonial occupation) as they are afraid of the outcome, however, in their hearts they know it will never work. Another crucial point in assessing the novel is the way in which Naguib manipulates the narrative is through the language used by each character helps to shift the tone of the narrative. It is crucial in understanding the feelings Naguib has towards this social class. For example, minor sentences showed in the free indirect discourse in the opening of Hosny Allam’s account helps to create a good impression to the reader of what this character’s temperament will be. The â€Å"progeny of whores† who â€Å"push you noses in the mud† described right in the opening paragraph is more than enough to nderstand that Hosny Allam is a bitter character. To interpret this further, the reader can also question accordingly, the social class in which Hosny Allam the â€Å"gentleman of property† represents and uses the portrayal of his character to interpret the feelings held by Naguib towards this social class. As Naguib has deliberately used mainly pejorative vocabulary in the syntax of Hosny’s it is clear that he wants the readers to dislike this character and therefore have negative feelings towards people of his class. In conclusion, after a close analysis of the literary techniques coinciding with the narrative structures and styles used by both Naguib and Ngugi, it is more than plausible to say that these two novels are both highly critical and greatly detailed in not only their poetic language used but the significant features of their intricately structured narrative and they more than achieve their aims of informing the world of their political stance against corruption.

Yoga Sutras Essay Example for Free

Yoga Sutras Essay My husband insists that yoga is nothing but stretching. I knew there had to be a little more to it than just stretching, but before I started this course I mostly agreed with his opinion. In fact, thats the main reason I decided to take this class. I hoped to incorporate stretching into more of a routine for me so that my flexibility would improve. In just three short weeks I have learned that there truly is much more to yoga than bending and stretching: its a lifestyle. When we first discussed the Yoga Sutras in class I wasnt entirely sure what to make of them. But reading further into them I have discovered how much yoga has to offer a person. Comparable to the Ten Commandments I was raised to follow, the Yamas teach selflessness and responsibility. Applying this to real life is much easier said than done, but definitely a goal to be set and taken seriously. I dont consider myself a bad person, and Im certainly not perfect either. I dont make a habit of lying, but it would be a lie for me to say that everything Ive ever said was one hundred percent truth. I stole a candy bar from a grocery store when I was a kid. I learned my lesson then and havent stolen since. I consider morals to be the foundation to a solid and happy life. There is so much controversy these days regarding religion and what is right and wrong. I am a Christian, a believer in Jesus Christ. Each religion has its own dos and donts, but you dont have to be of a certain spiritual-mindedness to learn the art of yoga. Its refreshing to find that yoga goes beyond lessons of physical well being to teach morality and ethical conduct. My priority in this class still remains the same to refine my flexibility. But I have been reminded of my roots, of my foundation of morals. I aim to continue yoga and work towards achieving the universal morality it teaches.

Sleep Deprivation Effects On Academic Performance

Sleep Deprivation Effects On Academic Performance Sleeping is a necessity for human survival and crucial to our health. Not getting enough sleep can result in hallucinations, irritability, depressive behaviour, diabetes, poor dieting, interference with daily activities, lack of alertness and motivation as well as poor academic performance among students. The majority of the population realizes the importance of a sufficient amount of sleep, yet based on the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) done in 2002, 18% of the population get an average of less than five hours of sleep each night.1 If teenagers are not getting the required 8.5 9 hours per night, they generally make up for it by taking long naps, or sleeping in on weekends. Both of which are counterproductive considering it throws off ones natural body clock.2 Late sleepers tend to interrupt their sleep cycle when they are either in the 3rd or 4th stage of sleeping, which are both considered deep sleep or during the 5th phase, REM (Rapid Eye Movement), leaving them feeling groggy and tired. As a result, teenagers sleep instead of attending class, sleep during lessons, or arent as alert and observant as they could be during school hours. A study was done on 1,000 high school students and 90% reported feeling lethargic from sleep deprivation, with supported evidence that it had affected their school performance.3 A lack of sleep at a young age also increases ones chances of developing a learning disorder. Although there are other factors that influence students performance, sleep is a major one. Background: This report outlines the relationship between sleep deprivation among high school students and their academic performance. Academic performance in a way is immeasurable. It is commonly thought that it is measured based on the students marks in school, however performance is defined as the manner in which something reacts or fulfills its intended 1 Shields, M. (2005, November 16). Study: Insomnia. Statistics Canada. Retrieved May 27, 2010, 2 Why Catching Up on Sleep Doesnt Work. (2007, July 24). Cure:Insomnia . Retrieved May 27, 2010, 3 Taras, H. (n.d.). Poor Sleep, Poor Grades. The National Parenting Center. Retrieved May 27, 2010, purpose.4 Meaning, its the amount of effort one puts into their work in an attempt to succeed. A student can try their hardest to complete an assignment yet they still may not fully achieve the teachers requirements leaving them with an adequate mark. Although that does not normally seem to be the case, it does happen. For the sake of this report however, it is being measured based on marks. The amount of sleep a person has had can evidentially enough, be measured on a timely basis (hourly, etc.). As one sleeps, they go through 5 series of phases which include5: Stage 1: This is the transition between wakefulness and sleep. It is a relatively light sleep stage. The brain produces high amplitudes of theta waves. Eyes tend to move slowly and muscle activity slows down. Many people get muscle contractions during this stage. Light sleep lasts from 5 to 10 minutes. Stage 2: Eye movement stops, brain waves slow down and occasionally produce bursts of sleep spindles (brain activity). Heart rate slows down and body temperature decreases. This phase lasts about 20 minutes. Stage 3: This is the transitional stage between light sleep to deep sleep. Very slow brain waves called delta waves start to produce. Stage 4: This is often known as the Delta Sleep since the brain excessively produces delta waves. There is no eye or muscle movement. It is during this stage that people experience sleep walking, nightmares and bed wetting. This deep sleep usually happens for 30 minutes. Stage 5: This is the most commonly known stage REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep. This is when most dreams occur. Breathing becomes more quick, eyes move rapidly, limb muscles are temporarily paralyzed (to prevent ones body from physically acting out their dream), brain waves amplify to the equivalent level that they are at when one is awake, also heart and blood rate increases. It is during this stage that males typically develop an erection and if the person sleeping is woken 4 Performance Define Performance. (n.d.). Find the Meanings and Definitions of Words. Retrieved May 27, 2010, 5 Stages of Sleep. (n.d.). Sleepdex Resources for better sleep. Retrieved May 27, 2010, up, they most likely will be able to remember their dream. REM sleep occurs about 90 minutes after falling asleep. The first cycle of REM sleep lasts a short amount of time, but with each series that occurs, the phase can gradually get longer and longer. However, these sleeping phases do not happen in sequence. We start off in stage 1, move into stage 2, 3 and 4. After stage 4, we go back and stage 3 and 2 are repeated before we enter into stage 5. Once REM sleep is completed, the body goes back to stage 2 and the cycle repeats again up to 4-5 times on average, if one is getting the right amount of sleep. An insufficient amount of sleep, especially at a young age, can manifest into challenging illnesses. As previously stated, sleep deprivation can result in depressive and oppositional behaviour, irritability, poor impulse control and/or over activity all of which are some characteristics of common learning disorders. Research has shown that relationships exist between inadequate sleep among children and developing Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB), Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD), and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). 6 These syndromes can make simple tasks involved with learning, difficult for those who suffer from it. The Learn Disability Association of Canada (LDAC) found that over 80% of people with learning disabilities struggle with reading. 35% of students with learning disabilities end up dropping out of school all together. 7 A study showed that among adults ranging from 20-29 years of age, 28.3% had less than a high school certificate due to learning di sabilities. 8 These factors obviously make it tough for students to achieve exceptional marks and work to the best of their ability, but what may be part of the solution would be setting good sleeping habits throughout their lives. 6 Ivanenko, A. (n.d.). Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Google Books. Retrieved May 27, 2010, 7 Gudbranson, C. (2000, June 7). Learning Disabilities Association of Canada Library and Archives. Learning Disabilities Association of Canada Activities. Retrieved May 27, 2010, 8 PACFOLD. (n.d.). Highlights of Putting a Canadian Face. Retrieved May 27, 2010, Methodology: The information collected for this report to substantiate the negative effects sleep deprivation have on students academic performance was gathered from an online survey (which is attached as Appendix A) and was conducted on Wednesday, May 20th, 2010 at Iroquois Ridge High School. Thirty-five students from grades 9 through to Super Seniors took part in the survey. Since the analysis does not involve experimental manipulation, it is considered an observational study. Followed by the initial survey, students that were not getting the recommended amount of sleep each night were asked to do a follow up survey (which is attached as Appendix B) in order to determine the reason why they are not getting enough sleep, and to grasp their awareness on the topic. The data was accumulated by clustered/multistage sampling. The seven participants selected from each grade, all from different cliques, filled out the survey and represented the larger population of Iroquois Ridge High School and out of those, whoever was not getting the right amount of sleep did a second survey. Students were picked from different groups to help prevent bias opinions that can be influenced by friends. Seeing as the thirty-five chosen students do not make up for a significant percentage of the total population, this creates a bias since they are speaking for the entire school. Other components that could have skewed the final results would be response bias. There is the chance that some students may have lied about their average in school due to embarrassment, or even about having a learning disability or bedtime for the same reason. One way that the affects of this inclination could have been decreased would be if a larger population were surveyed, that way the response bias could be outweighed and the overall results would be more reliable. The students average in school, alertness and hours of sleep per night were questioned in order to correlate the effects that sleep has on ones academic performance. To get a good understanding of why the individuals who suffered from sleep deprivation lacked sleep, they were directed to fill out a second, slightly more in depth survey to get a grasp of the students awareness of the importance of sleep, by asking them to identify illnesses that connect with not getting enough sleep each night and for the reasons why they are not getting a sufficient amount of sleep. Results: Thirty-five students attending Iroquois Ridge High School were given a survey in order to answer the question: Does sleep deprivation have an effect on students academic performance? The results showed that sleeping patterns do affect ones performance and that 22 out of 35 students (63%) were not getting the recommended 8-9 hours of sleep per night, as shown in both Figure 1 and Figure 2. Figure 1 is a bar graph that displays the results that were collected when 35 high school students were asked How Many Hours of Sleep Do You Get Each Night? Most students seem to receive 6 to 7 hours of sleep per night. Figure 1 Figure 2 is a pie chart that shows the average hours of sleep students get each night. It represents each total as a percentage of all responses. Merely 37% of students are getting the proper amount of sleep while the other 63% are not. Figure 2 Trying to Catch Up Can Be Too Much As a result of not getting enough sleep, students tend to try and make up for lost time by taking long naps, sleeping in when they should be at school, during class and sleeping in during weekends. However, these methods are detrimental because they mess up with the persons body clock. In some cases, too much sleep can result in a disorder called hypersomnia. Hypersomnia is clinically defined as getting more than 10 hours of sleep per night and feeling daytime drowsiness.9 Surveyors were asked how often they would rate themselves sleeping in during their first period class and ending up late, due to tiredness. The outcome was that 12% of respondents never had this issue, 26% rarely did, 31% would experience it sometimes, 20% had it happen often and 11% of students always have this problem. Figure 3 is a frequency pie chart that shows how often students ranging from grade 9 through to Super Seniors, end up running late to their first period class due to over-sleeping. Figure 3 Participants who were depriving themselves of sleep were further questioned in order to find out why. What were they doing that was keeping them up during the night? The most common factors were having stressful lives, part-time jobs and staying up on the computer/ playing video games. Followed by that was too much homework, hanging out with friends, living in a noisy environment, watching television, participating in sports/exercising, and not 9 Sleep Disorder Types and Symptoms. (n.d.). Sleep-Deprivation.com. Retrieved May 28, 2010, being in a comfortable temperature. Options that were not factors at all included having bad dreams and doing chores. A Norwegian survey done on 25,000 people found that individuals who having problems sleeping are most likely suffering from depression and anxiety. Its All About Routine and Discipline Based on the results of the survey, the vast majority of students are able to sleep whenever they want seeing as they do not have a set bedtime that is enforced by their parents. Figure 4 is the representation of the amount of students that have a set bedtime for every week night that has been imposed by their parents/guardian. It is evident that most high school students do not have such discipline, but a small 17% do. Figure 4 This leads to adolescents having an imbalanced body clock and if such a pattern develops at a younger age, it increases ones chances of developing a disorder, as previously mentioned. Teenagers with bad sleeping habits are 6.5 times likely to have metabolic syndrome than people who follow a good routine.10 Adolescents benefit from having constant sleep times that allow them to have the sufficient quantity of hours that they need. This is significantly affected by having regular bed times and rising times throughout the weekend as well. Just like when they were younger, parents need to get involved with their childrens sleeping schedule. Within this collected data 6 out of the 35 students claim to have bedtimes, all of which got approximately 8 hours of sleep a night with an average mark of 75%. While the rest of the students get about 7 hours of sleep a night with a 66% average in school. 10 Pytel, B. (2007, October 4). Lack of Sleep Can Kill: How Dangerous Is Not Sleeping?. Student Health Issues. Retrieved May 28, 2010, The Relationship between Hours of Sleep and Alertness A study done by the U.S. Army drew the conclusion that the loss of just one and a half hours of sleep can result in a 32% reduction in daytime alertness. 11 A similar outcome appeared in the analyzed data of the students attending Iroquois Ridge High School. Figure 5 (below) is a scatter plot that shows correlation between the students alertness from the time they wake up until lunch, based on the average amount of sleep they get each night. Each student was asked to rate their alertness on a scale of 1-5; 1 being not alert at all and 5 being extremely alert. This data was then correlated with the hours of sleep the students get each night, for a correlation of approximately 55.8%. Figure 5 The outcome of this examination had a strong correlation between alertness in the morning and the average hours slept at night. This means that the fewer hours of sleep someone gets, the less alert they will be and visa versa. The reason for this would be that the body was not able to completely rest and regenerate itself as it should, so upon trying to function normally the following morning, it will not be able to perform to the best of the persons ability. The correlation between these two variables was 0.56, proving that getting the right amount of sleep does greatly affect attentiveness. The Relationship between Hours of Sleep and Academic Performance/Grades Jennifer Peszka, a psychologist, conducted a survey on freshman at Hendrix College in order to distinguish students as either owls (later nighters), or larks ( moderately early birds). 11 Sleep Debt | Sleep Deprivation. (2010, May 8). Google. Retrieved May 28, 2010, From there she looked at how that associated with the students Grade Point Average (GPA). Sure enough, the owls averaged at 2.84 while the larks earned 3.18.12 The results of the survey done for students at Iroquois Ridge High School ended up with a very similar outcome. Figure 6 (below) is a scatter plot that shows correlation between the students average in school and the average amount of sleep they get each night. Each student was asked to identify their average in school based on the intervals of 10 from 0% 100%. This data was then correlated with amount of sleep each student gets per night, for a correlation of approximately 63.9%. Figure 6 The results from this portion of the survey had very strong correlation between the students grade and amount of sleep they were getting. Ultimately, this means that students who get the recommended amount of sleep each night consistently, will be able to work to the best of their ability during school which should help their overall average. On the contrary, students who lack sleep have a decrease in both physical and mental performance. The correlation between both variables was 0.64, further proving the point that sleep deprivation can negatively impact ones academic performance. Future Work: If more time and resources were available to do the survey, it would have conducted much differently. Firstly, a larger group of students would be sampled to get a better grasp of 12 Park, A. (2009, June 10). Larks and Owls: How Sleep Habits Affect Grades. TIME.com. Retrieved May 28, 2010, the general population as oppose to just thirty-five students representing everyone. As mentioned before, a larger population will also help outweigh the response bias. The written portion of the survey would be kept online because that appeals to my target audience (teenagers). However, the questions will be more concise. This way, there can be shorter questions that target certain areas of the study. To make the survey more reliable, various voluntary respondents, all with different lifestyles, will have their academic performance measured based on their visible level of alertness, as well as their actual marks. After going through their regular daily routine and prepare to go to sleep at whatever time is normal for them, they will be monitored in their sleep using an Electroencephalography (EEG). This measures brain waves and if read properly, it can tell the observant which stage of sleep the person is in. Upon waking up at their normal time, the phase at which they were sleeping in until they were woken up will be able to be determined. With that, predictions can be made on the type of day the person will have due to their emotional, physical and mental behaviour. Medical Records of the surveyor as well as any information on their family history will be reviewed to get a better understanding of where they came from and what their health is like. Ambitions, goals, hobbies, failures, fears, successes and experiences (good or bad) will be discussed with each candidate in hopes of figuring out where their head is at. A factor that could have been tested would have been the level of discipline with each student whether itd be with oneself or at home from their parents/guardian in terms of school work and sleeping habits. This data could be collected simply by asking; however, physically accompanying the student and observing would be much more reliable. The importance of this topic is not as widely known as it should be. Students, parents and teachers need to be informed about the effects that sleep deprivation can have on not only students, but everybody. The negative impact sleep deprivation can have on someones body, whether its physical, mental and/or emotional, is alarming. Try combining all of those struggles and productively make it through a day of school. If the topic were to be further discussed, studied and brought to awareness, academic levels of children all around the world could increase. Not to mention a decrease in depression, mental illnesses, insomnia and more if people decide to change their sleeping patterns to better themselves. Conclusion: The relationship between the amount of sleep a person gets and their performance academically correspond to one another quite well. This summative and the statistical data as well as research within it proves that the less sleep a student has will typically result in lower grades. Whereas getting the right amount of sleep (but not too much) can positively influence their performance. The key is to get your required amount of sleep each night. For teenagers, that is anywhere between 8.5 to 9 hours of rest. Out of the students surveyed at Iroquois Ridge High School, 34% claimed to be getting the proper amount of sleep. Adolescents would greatly benefit from having a regular, consistent sleeping pattern throughout the week, including the weekend. Meaning they go to sleep and wake up at the same time every day. This helps their body clock run by routine. Not getting enough sleep can result of a number of illnesses which in turn, will affect not only the students marks but their health as well. 63% of students surveyed said they got less than the recommended length of rest time. In both Figure 5 and Figure 6, it is evident that this took a negative toll on the students alertness as well as grades in school. Due to not getting enough rest during the week, teenagers often catch up by sleeping in on weekends. Contrary to popular belief, it is not possible to make up for lost sleep whether itd be by napping or sleeping in on weekends. Getting too much sleep can cause Hypersomnia which leaves victims feeling drowsy all day after having 10 or more hours of sleep the night before. Only 3% of surveyors stated to be getting more sleep then they need. However, in correlation to alertness and marks, it did not seem to have much of a negative impact. If the subject were to be discussed and researched even further, conclusions as to what chemicals are released when they body is at rest can be drawn. With this information, medication and cures for sleeping disorders can be create d to help those who suffer. Generally speaking, sleep and performance seem to go hand in hand. Teenagers need to set up their body clocks so that there is a set routine, with consists of falling asleep and waking up at the same time every day. Ultimately this will result in better academic performance as well as health. Work Cited Gudbranson, C. (2000, June 7). Learning Disabilities Association of Canada Library and Archives. Learning Disabilities Association of Canada Activities. Retrieved May 27, 2010 Ivanenko, A. (n.d.). Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Google Books. Retrieved May 27, 2010, PACFOLD. (n.d.). Highlights of Putting a Canadian Face. Retrieved May 27, 2010 Park, A. (2009, June 10). Larks and Owls: How Sleep Habits Affect Grades. TIME.com. Retrieved May 28, 2010 Performance Define Performance. (n.d.). Find the Meanings and Definitions of Words. Retrieved May 27, 2010 Pytel, B. (2007, October 4). Lack of Sleep Can Kill: How Dangerous Is Not Sleeping?. Student Health Issues. Retrieved May 28, 2010 Shields, M. (2005, November 16). Study: Insomnia. Statistics Canada. Retrieved May 27, 2010 Sleep Debt | Sleep Deprivation. (2010, May 8). Google. Retrieved May 28, 2010 Sleep Disorder Types and Symptoms. (n.d.). Sleep-Deprivation.com. Retrieved May 28, 2010 Stages of Sleep. (n.d.). Sleepdex Resources for better sleep. Retrieved May 27, 2010 Taras, H. (n.d.). Poor Sleep, Poor Grades. The National Parenting Center. Retrieved May 27, 2010 Why Catching Up on Sleep Doesnt Work. (2007, July 24). Cure:Insomnia . Retrieved May 27, 2010 Why Sleep is Important and What Happens When We Dont Get Enough. (n.d.). American Psychological Association. Retrieved May 28, 2010 Appendix A Appendix B

Psychokinesis :: essays research papers fc

Psychokinesis (PK)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the beginning of time occurrences of psychokinesis has been recorded. The term itself is taken from the two Greek words psyche (â€Å"breath†, â€Å"life†, or â€Å"soul†) and kinein (â€Å"to move†.) Psychokinesis is a technique of mind over matter such as moving objects, bending metal objects, or knowing the outcome of future events, all with ones mind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Such occurrences of PK have been found in the Bible and have also been recorded from people throughout the ages. One such incident is of D.D. Holmes, who lived during the 19th century, who was known to levitate. Another is Nina Kulagina, who could alter the course of objects in motion, leave impressions on photograph, and she was even seen affecting the heart of a frog. She changed the heart rate and also stopped the heart and started it again. There are also pictures of her levitating objects. Researchers have not proven some of these occurrences to be fraud and also have not found a direct cause of PK. Many researchers believe that psychokinesis falls in the category of quantum physics. Dennis Over bye believes that psychokinesis belongs in this category because, â€Å"the world has less to do with reality than with our perception of that reality.† It has been determined that psychokinesis occurs within necessary conditions and with patterns, but these pa tterns have not applied to all circumstances. J. B. Rhine, an American parapsychologist at Duke University conducted an experiment with a gambler who claimed that he could predict the outcome of the fall of the dice. His results concluded that PK â€Å"doesn’t seem to connect with any physical process of the brain, or to be subject to any of the mechanical laws of physics.† To J. P. Rhine, pyschokinesis was a nonphysical force of the mind that cannot be explained by any laws of physics. Rhine’s experiments and research lead to other studies. One physicist, Helmut Schmidt found PK in animals as well as humans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other types of psychokinesis have been researched and have been thought of with skepticism. One such activity is of poltergeists, such as flying objects, breaking of dishes, and unexplained sounds. Psychokinesis :: essays research papers fc Psychokinesis (PK)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the beginning of time occurrences of psychokinesis has been recorded. The term itself is taken from the two Greek words psyche (â€Å"breath†, â€Å"life†, or â€Å"soul†) and kinein (â€Å"to move†.) Psychokinesis is a technique of mind over matter such as moving objects, bending metal objects, or knowing the outcome of future events, all with ones mind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Such occurrences of PK have been found in the Bible and have also been recorded from people throughout the ages. One such incident is of D.D. Holmes, who lived during the 19th century, who was known to levitate. Another is Nina Kulagina, who could alter the course of objects in motion, leave impressions on photograph, and she was even seen affecting the heart of a frog. She changed the heart rate and also stopped the heart and started it again. There are also pictures of her levitating objects. Researchers have not proven some of these occurrences to be fraud and also have not found a direct cause of PK. Many researchers believe that psychokinesis falls in the category of quantum physics. Dennis Over bye believes that psychokinesis belongs in this category because, â€Å"the world has less to do with reality than with our perception of that reality.† It has been determined that psychokinesis occurs within necessary conditions and with patterns, but these pa tterns have not applied to all circumstances. J. B. Rhine, an American parapsychologist at Duke University conducted an experiment with a gambler who claimed that he could predict the outcome of the fall of the dice. His results concluded that PK â€Å"doesn’t seem to connect with any physical process of the brain, or to be subject to any of the mechanical laws of physics.† To J. P. Rhine, pyschokinesis was a nonphysical force of the mind that cannot be explained by any laws of physics. Rhine’s experiments and research lead to other studies. One physicist, Helmut Schmidt found PK in animals as well as humans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other types of psychokinesis have been researched and have been thought of with skepticism. One such activity is of poltergeists, such as flying objects, breaking of dishes, and unexplained sounds.

Essay --

Although I knew a little bit about blood borne disease before starting the nursing program, I learned much more as I started my career. I never really understood why the majority of people get infected with disease such as Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV) and Hepatitis C. It was made clear to me when I started my nursing career, that people who get infected with these diseases are drug users because they share needles with someone else. Even though there are several routes of transmission of these diseases, sharing needles with a partner is one of the routes. As a current Public Health Nurse (PHN), this topic is very important and the only way to prevent outbreaks and stop the sharing of needles is by referring patients to needles exchange programs (NEP) and educating people as much as possible. Even though we cannot completely stop the outbreak, minimizing the amount of people who get infected through sharing needles will help decrease that mode of transmission. After a study was a performed in Canada, researchers found that preventing HIV is by needle exchange programs (NEPs). These program drastically diminish spread of blood borne disease. NEPs are programs where drug users can safely dispose of old syringes and exchange them for new, sterile ones. The services that NEPs provide is essential for drug users that are more vulnerable to these diseases. NEPs are the most successful interventions for preventing HIV. Studies show that changes in HIV risk behaviors after NEPs were implemented reported reductions in syringe sharing and other high risk injecting behaviors. There are some controversies that NEP programs distribute needles when in fact, in order to get new sterile needles drug users have to return used ones (Ma... ...cate our clients, we are telling them the truth about the risks involved with sharing needles. By telling them the truth our intentions are not to scare them, but to tell them everything they need to know in order to make the best option for themselves when it comes to needle sharing. Fidelity means keeping promises (Allender et al., 2010). This is very essential for a PHN when it comes to trustful patient client relationship. If a nurse promises the patient that they will help them obtain sterile needles or refer them to NEP, then he/she has to follow through with that. If the PHN doesn't follow through with the promise that he/she makes, then the client won't trust the PHN in the future. All in all, needle exchange programs are very essential and beneficial for reducing blood borne disease, and we as nurses have to educate our clients because if we won't who will? Essay -- Although I knew a little bit about blood borne disease before starting the nursing program, I learned much more as I started my career. I never really understood why the majority of people get infected with disease such as Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV) and Hepatitis C. It was made clear to me when I started my nursing career, that people who get infected with these diseases are drug users because they share needles with someone else. Even though there are several routes of transmission of these diseases, sharing needles with a partner is one of the routes. As a current Public Health Nurse (PHN), this topic is very important and the only way to prevent outbreaks and stop the sharing of needles is by referring patients to needles exchange programs (NEP) and educating people as much as possible. Even though we cannot completely stop the outbreak, minimizing the amount of people who get infected through sharing needles will help decrease that mode of transmission. After a study was a performed in Canada, researchers found that preventing HIV is by needle exchange programs (NEPs). These program drastically diminish spread of blood borne disease. NEPs are programs where drug users can safely dispose of old syringes and exchange them for new, sterile ones. The services that NEPs provide is essential for drug users that are more vulnerable to these diseases. NEPs are the most successful interventions for preventing HIV. Studies show that changes in HIV risk behaviors after NEPs were implemented reported reductions in syringe sharing and other high risk injecting behaviors. There are some controversies that NEP programs distribute needles when in fact, in order to get new sterile needles drug users have to return used ones (Ma... ...cate our clients, we are telling them the truth about the risks involved with sharing needles. By telling them the truth our intentions are not to scare them, but to tell them everything they need to know in order to make the best option for themselves when it comes to needle sharing. Fidelity means keeping promises (Allender et al., 2010). This is very essential for a PHN when it comes to trustful patient client relationship. If a nurse promises the patient that they will help them obtain sterile needles or refer them to NEP, then he/she has to follow through with that. If the PHN doesn't follow through with the promise that he/she makes, then the client won't trust the PHN in the future. All in all, needle exchange programs are very essential and beneficial for reducing blood borne disease, and we as nurses have to educate our clients because if we won't who will?

Closer to a Cure for Cystic Fibrosis Essays -- Proteasomes Cystic Fibr

Overcoming Proteasomes: One Step Closer to a Cure for Cystic Fibrosis Take a deep breath and consider how easy it was to do so. Now picture struggling and gasping for air everyday; normal, easy tasks to the average person prove to be quite challenging to a patient of cystic fibrosis. Scientists have always been daunted by this fatal genetic disease that affects the body by excreting a â€Å"thick mucus† in the lungs, making breathing difficult and blocking the â€Å"ducts† leading from the pancreas, causing â€Å"poor digestion of food† (1). Until recently, there was nothing that scientists could do to provide a long-term cure, but even though scientists cannot cure patients one hundred percent, they can increase their life expectancy. Despite having discovered the cystic fibrosis gene’s location in 1989, numerous underlying obstacles prevent complete success (2). The primary obstacle that prevents scientists from making gene therapy an effective cure is the placement of the healthy genes into long-term cells, the cells that remain long enough to be replicated. The replacement of the healthy gene into long-term cells is necessary because these cells make the new cells, thereby distributing the healthy DNA throughout the body. The properly functioning gene is attached to a vector or â€Å"carrying molecule† that will transport â€Å"the therapeutic gene to the patient’s target cells† (2). Currently, the most common vector is a virus because it can easily capture the gene and deliver it into the cell; the virus infiltrates the corrupt cells and places the healthy gene into the nucleus which then transforms the corrupt cell into one which operates properly (2). The only difficulty is that the body’s natural immune system provides many b... ...t-education/tips/ccysfibr.html>. 2. Institute NHGR. Gene Therapy [Internet]. 2007 [2007 September 18]; Available from . 3. Stefano Ferrari DMG, Eric WFW Alton. Barriers to and new approaches for gene therapy and gene delivery in cystic fibrosis. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2002;64: 1373-1393. 4. J Kim C-PC, KG Rice. The proteasome metabolizes peptide-mediated nonviral gene delivery systems. Gene Therapy 2006; 12: 1681-1690. 5. Neil Campbell, and Lawrence Mitchell (1999). Biology. New York, Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. 6. Institute NHGR. Learning About Cystic Fibrosis [Internet]. 2007 [2007 September 18]; Available from: . 7. U Griesenbach DG, and EWFW alton. Gene therapy progress and prospects: cystic fibrosis. Gene Therapy 2007; 13: 1071-1077.

What Makes A Leader

What Makes a Leader In this article we explore what makes a great leader and what groups and levels of skills are needed to be a great leader. Daniel Coleman writes about Emotional Intelligence, how It Is evaluated, and the Importance of Emotional Intelligence for effectiveness of an affective leader. Everyone is born with certain levels of skills that can be strengthened with persistence, practice and feedback from colleagues and coaches. Mr.. Coleman preformed over the course of an entire year focusing on how emotional Intelligences operates In the workplace.They examined the relationship teen both effective performance and emotional intelligence especially in leadership roles. The 5 groups of skills are listed as follows: self-awareness, self- regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills, which I will be discussing. Companies hire trained psychologists to develop â€Å"competency models† to aid in identifying, training, and promoting of individuals with these groups o f skills. These individuals are those who can recognize their strengths, weaknesses, drives, values and impact on others who know that one needs to control or redirect disruptive Impulses and moods to be an effective leader.Having relishing achievement for own sake and are considerate to other peoples emotional make up by using the rapport built with others to move them in the desired direction. Daniel Coleman distinguishes what makes a great leader from the average one. The five in one secret to success allows you to maximize your leadership skills. Emotional Intelligence benefits you at every level of business giving you the necessary tools most Important to building the right foundation to a solid future and taking the right direction to ensuring a success in your business venture.Take advantage and use your emotional Intelligence to show how capable and effective you can truly be. Self-awareness in the aspect of big business allocates one resources, strong and weak to use to bes t impact the goals set forward. People with high self-awareness recognize how their feelings affect them, others, and Job performance. Having high self-awareness allows one to make critical decisions that need to be made in order for deadlines to be met and to save future conflict that could have been avoided.Knowing the time and place for things is a good example of having good self- wariness, without it you could potentially ruin a first impression and hinder Impending possible business endeavors. To enhance emotional intelligence companies are altering their training to include the limbic system. This allows for people to break old behavioral habits and establish new ones. It is key to focus that ones emotional intelligence can only come from sincere desire and resolute effort.Once your self-awareness is up to par you will be able to see your Impact on others and see how malleable the people around you really are. Your self-confidence gives o a desire for constructive criticism t o better yourself day by day. 1 OFF redirect any disruptive emotions or any impulses that could spawn from a heated altercation with a fellow employee. Biological impulses guide our everyday emotions, we can never get rid of them, but we can control them. This allows one to pick and choose their words carefully not being tempted to kick the chair or flip the desk.People who can control their emotions are often seen as stiff and dispassionate. With self-regulation, patience is vital and will prove faithful when it comes to your integrity and trustworthiness. With time, you become and grow more comfortable with ambiguity and change thus having a stronger grasp on your emotional intelligence. When looking at the aspect of leadership, one with a good head on their shoulders not eager to Jump to make irrational decisions before first going through all of the possible solutions to the problem.This ensures that the best potential outcome will be explored and evaluated to best serve its pur pose helping business run as it should and keeping employees content with the workplace. Motivation or inspirational words are that should be followed with ambitious work. When being driven to achieve for only the sake of achievement and accomplishing the task at hand is the only thing on your mind. Taking the passion for the quality and the challenges that come with completing any new task.Being the most optimistic when staring down at a ticking time bomb knowing exactly what must be done and with tender touch in some cases that create the most success. The passion that you hold for the very things you do on a daily basis, anywhere from work itself or for any new challenges that spark your interest. This challenge gives you unflagging energy to improve on your current status in every aspect of life. Optimism will bring you far in life with the regards to having patience for the right thing to take its place and take us to where we need to be.Stressing over every little thing will o nly slow you down and make you look like less of a professional. Instead of blaming countless other individuals, taking accountability for your actions and stepping up to learn from this experience and apply it to the work place can cause engineer a turn-around. Empathy or ability to consider others feelings when making a decision in the work lace can save you a lot of time and stress from you saying or doing something without fully thinking it through and it turns out if you would of Just thought that through and been a little less selfish you could of seen the bigger picture.With this trait not only will you be improving your work portfolio so you will be developing the ability to develop others by attracting talent by the expertise that you need for a competitive firm. When in the workplace, one doesn't have two many second chances or second first impressions'. Understanding proper etiquette and the ability to be insensitive to cross-cultural differences could make or break a cli ents approval.It is very important to make sure you know every subtle detail about your client to avoid risking potential failure and ending a potential venture before it even starts. One thing in our culture could mean something completely and totally opposite in someone else's and when you think your conveying the correct platform, in reality you are not on the same page as your client due to lack of preparedness due to poor Social skills are the ability to manage relationships to move people in the direction hat is crucial to the development of the company.Being a leader with good social skills one must be effective in leading change, persuasive, extensive networking, and experience in the leading and building of teams. This allows for the leader to manage what exactly they would want their company to adopt to better the future of the enterprise. With the correct social skills, it will ensure that your ability to persuade allies in other divisions to possibly help fund potential endeavors.Even if your social skills are lacking, there is always room to better your own social skills and evolve into he social butterfly that you always intended to be but never had the right force to push you. Once you have found common ground you can build a rapport and take your business to higher levels. Socially skilled people tend to have a vast amount of acquaintances and have the capabilities of finding common ground with all types of people. People who tend to achieve usually are optimistic including times of setbacks or failures.In conclusion, we are shown that everyone has the skills available to potentially be great leaders but that not everyone has the balanced set or capability to reach the Roth needed so we see that as an individual it takes more than Just one trait to be a great leader but it takes five individual characteristics that make up emotional intelligence that allows us to think before we speak and act making sure that we represent ourselves the way that resembles the characteristics that would make company blush and be glad they have you at their business.Conduct yourself with self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills and you will have the perfect concoction to making a great leader out of yourself and others around you.

Eating at home is better Essay

In 1900, all 2 percent of meals were eaten bug outside the house. In 2010, 50 percent were eaten away from kinsperson. round family meals happen about three clock a calendar week. Nowadays, living in the twenty-first century, community are busy. Most heap are busy with work, school, sports, and former(a) extra-curricular activities. And along with being so busy,thus, a nearby restaurant usually becomes our eat-place. It stinker non be denied that alimentation out is a to a greater extent favorable choice. However, eating out eachday lav be very pricey. Moreover, the restaurant regimen is unhealthy, because just about of the food are fatty and salty.In checkition, the or so substantial social occasion is, as I have experienced, dining out is non as pleasant as having a nice hearthstone-cooked meal. Therefore, compared with eating in a restaurant, eating at home impart be a wear choice. First of all, one of the most important fact is that home do meal is slight expensive, which means eating at home is a very nigh method to pull round money. Sandy Dawes, a new lawyer, and his husband, Chris, a Ph. D. hindquartersdidate, used to dine out quartet dates a week. Now they usually eating out once a week, at most, because their budget have been squeezed by the rising prices, schoolchild loan bills and car payments,etc.Meat, vegetables and other ingredients from supermarkets or grocery stores are very affordable, and the hail cost of a homemade meal is much slight than the cost of a meal at a restaurant. For instance, dine at a moderately expensive restaurant, people usually end up spending about $20 to $30 for a meal. In addition, this price is not included the tax and tips. The price people paid to the restaurant is not provided for the food, but also for the services provided. However, with the corresponding amount of money, three or four ordinary meals can be lively at home actually.According to a check up on which made b y Mintel International, a market explore firm, since the economy ferment and the prices of food raised, Americans began to spend more time in their kitchen, to cook the lunch and dinner party for themselves. From this, it proved that eating at home is a way to save money. some other reason of eating at home is that homemade food is healthier, and it may thus far enhance our feel. Although restaurants are offering more nutritious food options these days, the choices are oft limited.Most foods that are served in restaurants train high amounts of fat and calories, and even some harmful seasoning, such(prenominal) as MSG, which can be detrimental to our health. However, if we go under our induce food by ourselves, we can cull those low-fat and low-calorie and our favorite ingredients to prepare our meals. There leave alone be no any terminus ad quem when we are choosing what we want to eat. Another disfavour of dining out is that we cannot distinguish just now what we ar e eating. While we can take in the meats and vegetables that are used to prepare our meal, we may not shaft what ingredients go into the sauces and seasoning.Also, chefs can make mistakes, and they may accidentally add some things that they should not into our food. This is especially important for those who are allergic to certain foods. Therefore,if we prepare our own food at home, we know exactly what we are eating. Besides, the reason of why we should eating at home is not only because of the healthier food, but the length of our life. According to a research which was make in Public Health Nutrition, a Cambridge University journal by a research team, made up of Taiwanese and Australian researchers, eating a home-cooked meal up to five propagation a week could enhance our life.In addition, according to the research, not only eating at home can live longer, the one who cooked at home about five times a week were 47 percent more likely to still be alive after 10 years. bear but not least, eating at home provides a very proper chance to a family to sit together and have a nice conversation. Family appendage can share their daily life on the dinner table, parents can know more about the life of their children, such as hows their school life, or whether they have any difficulties on anything or not, eating at home offers an superior opportunity for family bonding. Moreover, Family dinner can made children become healthier.There was a survey found that those children who ate dinner with their families most often ate more fruits and vegetables and less soda and fried foods. When younger kids frequently eat dinner with their families, they are less likely to be overweight than other children. Besides, according to the report of The National middle(a) on Addiction and Substance disgust at Columbia University (CASA), it shows that children who have fixity meals with their parents do better in every way, from better grades, to healthier relationships, to staying out of trouble, and they are less likely to smoke cigarettes and marijuana or drink alcohol.There is no any disadvantage to stay at home, make the home-cooked food at our overbold home with our lovely family members. We can save more money, enjoy healthier and more nutritive food, have a better life style, build a stronger bonds with our family members, our children volition be healthier and more clever. Everything will be good if we eating at home, so, eating at home is definitely a better choice when there are two choice in front of us.

DEVELOPING STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP SKILLS Essay

IntroductionLeadership and management, these are two words we use on daily basis. But the questions like how do we realise good leaders, what qualities, attitude, style and behaviour do they exhibit, are frequent. The ability to lead is not connected to education, although most leaders what are intelligent people. Many qualities required for a leader are also possessed by managers.Although it is unique to everyone there are a total number of common ways.I think, by developing our leadership skills, we are assured a more rewarding and successful career. There is no doubt that, leadership potential can be developed. With commitment, effort and practice, anybody can move beyond the skills you how are born with to be an excellent leader.â€Å"The most dangerous leadership myth is that leaders are born—that there is a genetic factor to leadership.Leadership differs to direction.

Bennis. Globalisation has resulted in diversity. To maximise contribution, each organisation and its managers are now challenged with creating inclusive cold working environment. They need to understand effective leadership style and culture to build trust and effective relationship.There are various means of considering leadership, that vary extract from focusing on the character traits of leadership that is excellent to highlighting facets of the scenario that help determine how folks lead.The strategies how that were effective yesterday are not necessarily effective in the same situation today†-QuinnLook more:  strategic management process essayIn order to face the growing competition in the market, it is very urgent for organisations to build potential leader. Developing strategic management and leadership skills should be a part of organisations’ actions.1.1 Explain the link between strategic management wired and leadership Strategic Management consists of t he analysis of any organisation, decision making and necessary actions in order to create and sustain competitive advantages.It is merely one of many other assets a thriving manager must possess.

Usually it is considered as the responsibility for the overall direction of the organization sums up what strategic management is all about. It can consider also define as the process of identifying and executing the organisation’s strategic goals (mission, vision and objectives) by matching its capabilities with the demand of its environment.Strategic senior management contains a set of managerial decisions. Leadership is the ability of a person to get other willingly to follow.Its something which is accomplished when a individual motivates individuals in a group.Equally, a good leader free will also be a manager. Majority of practical people are interested primarily in what they have to do, and not whether it should be labelled ‘leadership’ or ‘management’ or both. â€Å"It is very true that I have said that I considered Napoleon’s presence in the field equal to forty thousand other men in the balance† —Duke of Wellington. Difference between strategic management and leadershipManagement| Leadership|Intended to plan, organize, co-ordinate and evaluate| Job is to inspire and motivate| management administrate the organisation| Leaders innovate | senior Management tries to maintain the organisation| Leaders tries to develop| Focused on system and structure| Focuses on people|They focus on the present situation | They look towards future| React to problems logical and issues| Proactive to issues and problem| Prefer to control| Knows how to delegate|Minimising risk| Taking risk|  There are thousands of examples for leaders in the world.Leadership and top management arent synonymous.

2 Analysis of impact of management and leadership styles on strategic decision There are different leadership and management styles. Different various styles work well in different situations. They are based on different assumptions and theories. Strategic decisions taken by leaders depend upon their style.Leaders that are supportive understand and good sense women and men feel.2. Democratic styleThe leader involves employees in the decision making. This kind of style is usually appreciated by the employees or subordinate. how This style would bring problems in a situation where there are wide ranges of opinion and there is no well-defined way of taking the first final decision.They also need to make sure they manage change effectively.

Transactional leadershipThe assumption behind this kind of leadership is that people how are motivated by rewards and an organisation work well with a clear chain of command. This kind of leader works thorough creating all clear structures. Subordinates duty  will be well defined and also the reward they get for following the orders. Punishments are not always mentioned, but they how are also well-understood and formal systems of discipline are usually in place.Your leaders are the best factor on your companys capability.Transformational leaderThis style is based on the assumption deeds that employees will follow a leader who motivates them and a person with vision and passion can achieve anything. Transformation strong leadership start with the development of a vision, a view and path to future. That will excite and converter the employees. Transformational religious leaders are so committed always.Youre a pioneer, even in case you dont know it.

Understanding the situation 3. Applying appropriate skills and techniques.Leaders having different styles empty can have different levels of key elements. So the way and level in which they identify their personality can differ."Every leader has a certain style of political leadership thats innate.Especially when a strategic decision needs to made quickly. The impact of this style is for many people, this style feels harsh, a first great possibility of demotivation. Rest of people  assured leader can demonstrate consideration and compassion for team while using the Autocratic style, even though the team is not directly involved in the decision. There are situations in which leader wants input from employees or teams.Leaders are common now.

There is a more common thought that leaders who listen considerately to their follower’s opinion before making final decision get good result as compared to non-listeners. In the case of democratic style, the leader gives up ownership and control of a decision and allows the group to vote. Advantage of this own style is fairly fast decision, and an amount of group participation. No organisation or leader can implement a single style to deal with the multitude of decision that needs to be made during change process (Nancy, 2007).It could mean the folks who own and short run the company.Charismatic leadership style got few drawbacks. The complaint against Lord Browne was administration by media and business associates fuelled his charismatic new style and he ignored day to day core business activities.1.3 How leadership styles can be adopted to different situations? Success of an political organisation or a group dependent on the effectiveness of the leader.When employees are empowered theyre more prone to make decisions which are at the very best interest of the particular client and the organization also.

Leaders must be up to date of the situations. Leaders must be prepared to step in and show the way in all kind of situations.Different style can be adapted to different situations in relation to 1. Business- situations 2.Are such far more likely to reveal their very own loyalty the moment it matters.We know that high risk situation needs very strong and active direct involvement by the leader to keep it control. The people or team members: – In every organisation, there will have different different kind of employees or members.Differ by characters, talents, skills, attitude etc. identifying the team members is a tough task.IT leadership theory Learn the best way to be.

He made a resolution to transform GE into one of the world biggest firm. With his unique leadership style and character, Welch made history during his 2-decade journey at GE. His way of leading was based on some concepts. Lead, not manage:- according to him political leadership can be found in as long as they come up with good ideas and can energize rather than depress and control.Face reality: – good company was losing its market values and there was too much bureaucracy when Jack Welch joined the company. He realised the social realities and brought out strategies and  initiatives that made things better. Simplify the business: – his goal at GE was simplify the business. He didn’t think deeds that business had to be complicated.It can mean opportunities, good ideas, new business or new products (kevin, 2007). Lead by more energizing others, not managing by authority: – Welch called his leadership ideal ‘boundary less’, which means an open organization, free of bureaucracy logical and anything that prevents the free flow of ideas, people and decisions (kevin, 2007). His choice was inspiring others to perform well. red Lead by doing- one of the leadership style adapted by GEInformation technology is critical to the future of GE.The basic assumption behind the theory is that individual characteristics’ make how them suitable leaders only in certain situations. Each situation requires a leader to vary behaviour to fit the conditions. In other words, there is no right or wrong way in leading all the time. Fred Fiedler’s contingency theoryIn 1967, Fred Fiedler proposed his contingency theory.

According to Fielder, the direct relationship oriented style is more effective in situations which are intermediate in favourableness. When an intermediate situation is present, the leader can self help to build confidence and cohesion by focusing on the personal needs of the individuals (Henman, 2007). Hersey and Blanchard theoryIt is another situational theory. This economic theory was introduced 10 year after Fiedler’s theory.That is, followers are not mature or immature in any total or chronological sense; rather, they have varying degrees of maturity depending on knowledge of or experience with a specific goal (Henman, 2007). Leader-style theoryThis theory was introduced by Vroom and Yetton. They explain the different ways leader can make decisions and necessary following guidelines for leader in order to determine the extent to which subordinate should participated in decision making. Charismatic leadershipCharisma, as explained by Max Weber, is a certain good qual ity of individual personality, by virtue of which he or she is apart from ordinary people and treated as a personality with exceptional power or qualities.An effective leader needs to diagnose the needs and wants of followers and then react accordingly.The impact of different theories of management on organisational strategy will be different. giant IBM needs extraordinary leaders who can create high-performance work climates and foster employee engagement; people who not only succeed but enable others to as well. A disciplined process of identifying and developing high achievers and leaders has been a main stone of IBM’s strategy to regain market political leadership in the IT industry.As Fiedler explained, task oriented leaders are very effective when conditions are favourable or unfavourable. When conditions are favourable, members relations how are strong, there is a positive relation between team and leader. Hence new strategies can bring and work it out well so easily. In unfavourable certain circumstances or in stressful situations, a leader’s structure and control can remove undesirable ambiguity and the anxiety that goes with it.

2.2 Create a leadership strategy that support organisational direction Leadership strategy for General ElectricsThe General Electric Company, or GE, is an American multinational conglomerate corporation incorporated in New York. Company operates in five sectors via energy, technology infrastructure, capital finance, consumer andindustrial.It old has been almost a decade since Jack Welch retired as GE’s chairman and CEO, the brain behind the success of GE.If we consider their way in which they lead, and how their decisions, it is clear that they preferred transformational leadership style. Even though both used the same style, Jack Welch had been more opposite extreme than his successor. Leadership strategy: – choosing a best leadership style is the major step in leadership strategy. Leadership at company such like GE is very crucial.It is concerned with emotions, values, ethics, standards, and long-term goals and includes assessing followers’ motives, satis fying their needs, and treating them as full human beings†- (Northouse). The reason behind the selection of this leadership style is this style motivates the followers. The leader and followers are full well aligned in this system. A transformational leader can motivate the followers by setting challenging goals.We have seen the different leadership style and their impact on organisation. Even though, no particular leadership style is better always. It depends on the situations. The best style GE can use is transformational leadership because of based its unique advantages.

The leaders should have collective capabilities like providing direction, motivate the followers, engaging employees in decision making and to gain their active support in implementing planned cross-functional actions, implementing successful innovations, adapting to change, ensuring transparency just like former leaders, developing talents logical and being responsive to customers like Jeffrey Immlet. Since the corporate strategy is becoming more global, it require greater cultural sensitivity among leaders, enhanced representation of different geographies at top level, enhanced language skills to enable cross cultural relationships and greater understanding of local laws and business arrangement in strategy making.3.1 Use appropriate different methods to review current leadership requirement We know the important of leaders.These programs build perfect foundation for accelerating  learning and development in a particular domain, from commercial to operations, from human res ources to information management, from finance and communications to modern technology (GE, Leadership Programs, 2013).There are more than 300,000 employees in GE. The company operates through different sector. GE consistently ranks as the most admired and respected new company in the world.CEO of GE believes that ideal situation for a global firm was to have its factory on a barge that you could first move around the world to wherever it was the best competitive environment at the time. Their strategy is to expand business globally, instead of just looking for alliances.Fast moving anti Globalisation opens new opportunities for a global firm like GE. Hence leadership requirement at GE is tremendous.But they need leaders not only in quantity great but also in quality.3.2 Plan for the development of future situations requiring leadership Requirement of leaders in the GE increases. Leaders are logical not only required in the top level but also in the various bottom levels also.

Leadership Programs: – GE has various leadership programs. As part of their strategy to achieve commercial excellence and drive organic growth, they are developing a pipeline of strong sales logical and marketing leaders at GE through  the Commercial Leadership Program (CLP).CLP offers a curriculum that boosts the development of commercial skills and various techniques that are critical to success in all GE businesses. CLP prepares candidates for a successful career in sales or first commercial operations by providing the opportunity to learn about GE’s products, industry, and customers while making valuable contributions to the on-going success of GE.As compared to their profit growth, they need more to build leadership qualities in their employees. Human resource leadership program: – In GE’s Human Resources Leadership Program people are gaining real-world business experience, contributing to GE businesses and getting in first line for HR leaders hip roles across the company.HRLPs can build countless HR leaders within GE. Experienced commercial leadership programs: – The Experienced Commercial Leadership Program (ECLP) prepares time MBA graduates and experienced professionals for GE leadership roles in marketing and sales.But under certain specific condition, they need specific skills. The more basic skill required for leaders are explained below.Integrity: – this is the basic quality of a leader. This quality makes people trust the leader.They can speak openly logical and accurately about their limitations. Self-regulation: – People who are in control of their feelings and sudden  temptation are able to create an environment of public trust and fairness. Appropriate self-regulators are usually thoughtful and resist making impulsive decisions. These are definite qualities of a good leader.

Communication skills: – to deliver leader’s idea properly, private communication skill is very necessary. A good communicator can pay attention and listen carefully. Lead by example: – One of the best ways to red lead is by example – use where needed, lending a helping hand, and making sure that the work you do is clearly understood by apply your team. Leadership skills strataplex: –Leadership skill requirements are often described as being stratified by organizational level.They are comprised of those skills related to basic cognitive capacities, such as collecting, processing, and disseminating information and learning and are the fundamental skills required for a large portion of the activities in which political leaders are engaged (Mumford, 2007) .These skills include skills like oral communication, written communication, ability to learn and adapt etc. 2. Interpersonal SkillsThese are skill relating to interacting keyword with and influe ncing others.Strategic SkillsStrategic skill requirements are highly conceptual skills needed to take a systems perspective to understand complexity, deal with ambiguity, and to  effect political influence in the organization (Mumford, 2007). This includes skills for planning, visioning etc. â€Å"Leaders are not born, they are grown†- this is the word by the heavenly father of management, Peter Drucker. Leadership ability is not an inborn skill most times.1. Entry level program or Commercial leadership program (CLP) is an example for it. The CLP is a 12 to 24 month program that develops marketing and sales skills through a strong very core curriculum and challenging assignments. 2.

The ECLP program consists of three, eight-month rotational assignments within the marketing and sales functions of one of GE’s businesses (GE, Experienced Program, 2013).4. normal Operation management Leadership program (OMLP): OMLP accelerates development of entry-level talent and produces leaders capable of meeting the challenges facing the Operations, Supply Chain, Manufacturing logical and Quality functions at GE (GE, Entry level program, 2013).4.Commercial leadership program (CLP) provides candidates with valuable training, personal experience and exposure to a team of motivated colleagues and helpful mentors that can accelerate their careers. HRLP (Human Resource Leadership program) has created countless generations of HR leaders at GE. The program continues today and still focuses on taking talented people, providing forgive them with globally diverse challenging experiences, and developing them into world-class HR leaders. Candidates will have formal training, ro tation, seminars, business molecular simulations and community service activities.Another way of developing leadership skills is to get familiar with your followers. It will great help you in understanding their feelings and their needs, which in turn will help you in managing preventing their needs. Different plan for the development leadership skills includes conducting seminar, training programs, meetings, job rotations etc.ConclusionThis assignment is used to explain the important link between strategic management and leadership.Style should be adapted according to the business situation, team members and culture of the organisation. Different leadership theories are discussed in the assignment. Situational theories and contingency theories have been applied. The situations in which different theories can be applied are explained.

In this competitive world, organisation best can only sustain if and only if they can bring strong leaders.There are different ways of enhancing the leadership skills for future requirements. And there should be a plan of developing these skills. The new plan should cover all the current and  future needs for leadership and is helpful in the overall progress of the organization.Leadership style : A powerful model. TJ. Derue, S. (2011).Entry level program. Retrieved 2013, from www.ge.com: http://www.Retrieved may 5, 2013, from www.ge.com: http://www.ge.

ge.com: http://www.ge.com/careers/culture/university-students/experienced-commercial-leadership-program/india GE.com: http://www.ge.com/careers/culture/university-students/experienced-commercial-leadership-program/india GE. (2013).ge.com/careers/culture/university-students/information-technology-leadership-program/india GE. (2013, January 1). Leadership Programs.com/in/careers/leadership_program/index.html Goleman, D. (2004). Leadership That Gets Result.