Compare and contrast Essay Example for Free

Compare and contrast Essay Over the last few weeks, I have learned about what makes an essay an essay, after reading the required chapters of â€Å"Essentials of College Writing† (Connell Soles, 2013) the knowledge needed to compare and contrast a narrative and descriptive essay is at my grasp. The essays I have chosen to use as support are â€Å"Homeless† by Anne Quindlen and â€Å"Are the Rich Happy?† by Stephen Leacock. While the differences between these two essays are apparent, the similarities are more recognizable. By using information, I have gained from the class I hope this paper can help you form your own opinion on which essay is superior. There are many different reasons why an author would write a narrative or descriptive essay and for each form, there is a main purpose, though it does not always have to be evident right away. A narrative story is to entertain or engage the reader, maybe for fun or to teach a lesson. In difference to a narrative, which can be truth or fiction, a descriptive is about a true event, person or place. The purpose of a descriptive essay is to create an accurate and vivid â€Å"picture† by using specific details. Details help you focus the reader’s attention on characteristics that make people, places, objects, and events unique and help them â€Å"come alive† for readers, a descriptive essay is about an actual person, place and/or event (Connell Soles, 2013). The author Stephen Leacock started his essay,† Are the Rich Happy?† with, â€Å"Let me admit at the outset that I write this essay without adequate material. I have never known, I have never seen, any rich people. Very often, I have thought I have found them. However, it turned out that it was not so. They were not rich at all. They were quite poor. They were hard up. They were pushed for money. They did not know where to turn for ten thousand dollars.† The essays purpose was not openly stated, I had to finish reading before I understood what point the author was trying to get across. In contrast, Quindlen began her essay â€Å"Homeless† by getting to the point from the very beginning, using words to describe exactly who and what she was writing about in her paper â€Å"Her name was Ann, and we met in the port authority Bus Terminal several Januarys ago. I was doing a story on homeless people. She said I was wasting my time talking to her; she was just passing through, although shed been passing through for more than two weeks. To prove to me that this was true, she rummaged through a tote bag and a manila envelope and finally unfolded a sheet of typing paper and brought out her photographs.† The author of both a narrative and a descriptive essay need to use elements to make sure that they maintain the reader’s attention. Like, the topic they have chosen to write about has to be interesting to others. Just because one person thinks something is interesting does not mean others will feel the same (Connell Soles, 2013). The author of ‘Are the Rich Happy? †˜ Stephen Leacock knew that money will always be an issue among man and no matter how much money one has they will always want more, because there will always be reason to need more and that they will never be happy with what they have. Anne Quindlen also knew that homeless is a major issue in the world and that others would have a related emotion attachment to this. Another element is the use of language that allows the readers’ senses to create the whole picture. A narrative uses words to represent physical objects rather than ideas, qualities, or concepts that help make characters come to life and give those personalities (Connell Soles, 2013). In contrast, a descriptive essay demands emotion and expressive details that are more precise when describing certain aspects such as the characters, the plot and the main idea of why the essay was wrote. As written in â€Å"Are the Rich Happy† By Stephen Leacock, â€Å" I know a man, for example his name is Spugg- whose private bank account was overdrawn last month by twenty thousand dollars. He told me so at dinner at his club, with apologies for feeling out of sorts. He said it was bothering him. He said he thought it rather unfair of his bank to have called this to his attention.†(Para 7) In her essay Homeless, Anna Quindlen wrote, â€Å"Home is where the heart is; there is no place like it. I love my home with ferocity totally out of proportion to it appearance and location† (Para 4). By expressing, her emotions about her home I feel Anna hoped to make the reader reflect on how they feel about there own home. Another example of a strong tone would be, â€Å"People find it curious that  those without homes would rather sleep sitting up on benches or huddled in doorways than go to shelters. Certainly some prefer to do so because they are emotionally ill, because they have been locked up before and they are determined no to be again. Others are afraid of the violence and trouble they may find there. But some seem to want something that is not available in a shelter and they will not compromise, not for cot, or oatmeal, or a shower.’(Quindlen, â€Å"Homeless†, Para 7) So far, we have compared the purpose for each essay, how each essay has an audience that the author must keep in mind and the language used to intrigue the readers. Finally, I want to compare their structures. All essays need organization, writers use a number of different strategies to organize information and, often, the choice of how to organize is based on one own judgment of what would be most effective (Connell Soles, 2013). The structures between the two essays are similar however; each has their own particular form. An author of a narrative essay can use chronological order, events arr anged in a chronological order that are organized by time, and may start with the earliest event and go forward in time to the present or start from the present and go backward in time and spatial order which means organized by direction.(Connell Soles, 2013). A third organizational structure that I have found to be very useful for a narrative is dramatic order The dramatic structure is common in many types of writing and uses these five elements, an opening paragraphs that has an introduction, the introduction should have a strong thesis that helps create questions in the readers mind; it should also captivate their imagination. The rising action should take up the majority of the story and should include interaction, dialogue and detailed descriptions of the characters and the environment. It should also explain the reason for writing the essay; the climax or turning point, which will be the moment the conflict comes into sharp focus and is resolved. The falling action is where the rest of the story falls into place and, the concluding paragraph that will end the essay with answers to the reader’s questions. The essay may conclude with a discussion of why the topic of interest is important (Connell Soles, 2013). As stated in Esse ntials of College writing second edition, a descriptive is very similar to a narrative because it to must have a sound structure, There must be an introduction that â€Å"tells readers what you will tell them†, a body that â€Å"tells them†, and a conclusion thatbbrings closure to your paper (Connell Soles, 2013). For the introduction, the author must accomplish a few goals: capture the readers’ attention by revealing the purpose of the paper, have a strong thesis statement and briefly describe the main points covered in the paper. For the body, which is the heart of your paper, the author must explain, describe, argue, explore, or elaborate on the point or thesis of the paper. The final part of the essay, the conclusion is where the author makes his or her final stand, they state they final opinion on the topic and they end the essay (Connell Soles, 2013, chap. 5). Are narrative and descriptive essay similar? Do they share the same purpose? My answer is yes. The similarities out weigh the differences and with this knowledge I have formed my opinion that neither form of essay is superior, but both equally matched. I believe that both essays inspire the readers’ creativity and help bring forth their own opinions on the topics. I have formed my opinion using the facts described ab ove, such as they both use expressive words to take a hold of their audience, they are wrote to create a clear picture of the characters and the plot, and they both have a similar structure. Based on the information I have gained I can say that the similarities are more recognizable than the differences. References Connell, Christine M Sole, Kathy Essentials of College Writing, 2013 Leacock, S. (1916). Are the rich happy? In R. Nordquist (Ed.), About.com Guide to Grammar Composition. Retrieved from http://grammar.about.com/od/classicessays/a/Are-the-Rich-Happy-by-Stephen-Leacock.htm Quindlen, A. (n.d.). Homeless. Retrieved from http://pers.dadeschools.net/prodev/homelesstext.htm

An overview of atrial fibrillation

An overview of atrial fibrillation Section1: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a condition when the heart does not beat to its normal speeds or rhythm, often it beats faster than it should. This irregularity leads to an increased risk of stroke and death. The pump function of the heart deteriorates as a result of the un-coordination (due to uncoordinated excitation of muscles). The net result of impaired pump action is the upper chambers of the heart contract randomly and at times too quick for the heart to relax before it can contract again effectively. At the junction of the pulmonary veins in the left atrial musculature, abnormal impulses fire which override the heart natural pace maker. There are 3 major classifications for AF: Paroxysmal AF- lasts from 30 seconds to 7days Persistent AF- longer the 7days Permanent AF- AF that fails to terminate using cardioversion, or is terminated but relapses within 24hours. If there are no obvious cause and all investigations are normal, this is known as lone AF. Lone AF tends to occur in Paroxysmal cases. Otherwise the most common causes are ischaemic heart disease hypertension mitral stenosis hyperthyroidism Other causes which arent as common are can be classified into 3 sub catagories; Cardiac: Rheumatic heart disease, Sick sinus syndrome, Pre-excitation syndromes (such as Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome) and heart failure. Less commonly, congenital heart disease, atrial myxoma , atrial septal defect, pericardial disease, and cardiomyopathy. Non-cardiac: Drugs (e.g. bronchodilators/thyroxine), Electrolyte depletion infection, Pulmonary embolism, Lung cancer Diabetes. Lifestyle: Obesity, high caffeine or alcohol intake1. A fast pulse (often >140bpm) which may or may not be irregular is the most common symptom of AF however it is also accompanied by tiredness, breathlessness, dizziness, angina1, syncope, reduced exercise tolerance, or polyuria2. The decreased efficacy of the pumping of the heart may result in the reduction of blood pressure. AF is diagnosed by the use of an ECG and is characterised by the absence of consistent P waves and presence of fibrillation. The method of management of suffers of AF has two main strategies, either by the control the arrhythmia aspect of the condition or by the tachycardia side of the condition. Rhythm controlling drugs include flecainide (and other similar drugs), beta-blockers (particularly sotalol), and amiodarone. Rate controlling drugs such as beta-blockers bisoprolol atenolol or the calcium channel blockers verapamil ordiltiazem. Thrombolytic and antiplatelet drugs are also used to manage the thromboembolic risk. There are non pharmacological ways to manage AF, the most common being cardioversion. Aspirin inhibits cycloxygenase from producing thromboxane A2 which is responsible for platelet activation and thus aggregation Diltiazem of use in AF for its affects on calcium channels on the heart. The blocking of calcium channels reduces excitability of cardiac muscle and hence decreasing fibrillations it also decreases the force of contraction Atenolol is a beta receptor blocker(a classII), it decreases the effects of the sympathetic drive to the heart, such that the neurotransmitters adrenaline and noradrenaline are competitively blocked. Thus the levels of cAMP decrease. cAMP mediates many events in the heart:decreases stability in resting potentials (phase 4) of nodal tissue(AVN conduction SAN firing). In nodal tissue(myocytes) a decrease in cAMP reduces Ca2+ entry thus action potentials take longer, it also causes repolarisation to longer i.e. increasing the refractory period Amiodarone has all four classes of activity (of Vaughan Williams system MAKE APPENDIX) however its main method of action is its class III mechanism. By the blocking potassium channels the potassium efflux in an action potential is blocked, thus action potentials duration is a prolonged refractory period (causing a region of unidirectional block remain refractory for longer effectively having a bi directional block)3 Verapamil a non selective calcium channel blocker (classIV), by reducing the Ca2+ into the cell through L-type channels in the nodal tissue (SAN AVN) depolarization takes longer as does the refractory period causing slower AVN conduction. Reduces tachycardic impulse from AVN to the ventricles and also AVN re-entrant rhythms. Phase 2 is limited in nodal tissue (myocytes and purkinje fibres) reduces triggered automaticity4. Warfarin inhibits the effective synthesis of biologically active forms of the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors: II, VII, IX and X, as well as some regulatory proteins. Flecainide a class1c sodium channel blocker.There is decreased diastolic excitability and Phase 0 (depolarization) takes longer as does the refractory period together causing slower conductions4. Propafenone is a class1c sodium channel blocker.There is decreased diastolic excitability and Phase 0 (depolarization) takes longer as does the refractory period together causing slower conductions4. Digoxin is a K+/Na+ ATPase inhibitor which leads to an increase in the intracellular concentration of sodium this stimulates of sodium-calcium exchange as a result there is an increase in the intracellular concentration of calcium causing stronger less frequent contractions. Cardioversion may be tried in some people with AF. The heart is given a controlled electric shock to try to restore a normal rhythm1. Catheter ablation is a procedure that very carefully destroysthe diseased area of your heart and interrupts abnormal electrical circuits. It is an option if medication has not been effective or tolerated1. A pacemaker may be fitted alternatively to drug treatment when it is not appropriate of failing1. Section 2: AF is the most common rhytm disorder of the heart with up to 500,000 sufferes in the UK1. In the UK over 46,000new cases of AF are diagnosed each year5. The incidences increase with age, with a higher incidence in men, when data is adjusted for age6. AF is uncommon in the young unless there is an existing heart disorder. At 50-59years of age, the prevalence is around 0.5%. At 80-89years of age, the prevalence is around 9%. Section 3: AF is a significantly increases the chance of stroke and emboli. The decision to use antithrombotic therapy involves a complex balancing of risks, benefits, and costs. The probabilities of stroke, bleeding complications, and death; the associated costs of all treatment options and outcomes; and the quality of life associated with treatment and disability. These have shown that warfarin therapy is generally cost-effective and often cost-saving. However, the economic value of antithrombotic therapy in terms of cost-effectiveness is most strongly influenced by 2 factors: stroke risk and perceived quality of life. The cost-effectiveness models indicate that warfarin can be cost-effective or, indeed, cost-saving for a wide variety of patients with AF, provided that it is prescribed appropriately based upon stroke risks7 In patients at high risk of stroke, anticoagulation is most cost effective, but not for those at low risk of stroke8. Aspirin 75mgx28 Â £1.66, Aspirin 300mgx28 Â £0.55, Warfarin 1mgx28 Â £1.10, Warfarin 3mgx28 Â £1.15, Warfarin 5mgx28 Â £1.21, Atenolol 25mgx28 Â £0.82, Diltiazem MR 60 mgx84 Â £3.52, Diltiazem MR 60 mgx56 (or over 70yrs), verapamil 40mgx80 Â £1.55. Section 4: Symptoms should be monitored; often AF has no symptoms, however you should look for the common presenting symptoms (stated in section 1). Tests: Heart Rate- Should be done when treating with rate lowering drugs Electrocardiography- every 12months blood electrolytes, urea and creatinine- 1-2 weeks after initiation, and 1-2 weeks after reaching the maintenance dose, then every 6 months. For Beta-blockers, digoxin, amiodarone Monitor blood pressure Liver function tests- every 6months for amiodarone Thyroid function test- when using amiodarone eye examinations- annual eye examinations. Plasma levels- for digoxin, shortly after initiation or after a dose increaee. 0.7and 2.0nanograms per millilitre Drugs to reduce the risk of thromboembolism (warfarin, aspirin and clopidogrel) The target INR for oral anti coagulants is 2-3 usually 2.5. Patients should be considered for warfarin use if risk is perceived to be medium or high according to nice (see appendix)9. It is important that INR be measured daily or alternate days at initiation of treatment. Then at longer intervals depending on dose response up to 12 weeks10. Note the importance of increased monitoring as drugs are added to the regimen, pre-adjustment to warfrin are sometimes necessary e.g. decreasing dose by one or two thirds before initiation of amiodarone1. Section 5: Although systematic reviews have shown that aspirin reduces the rate of stroke by 25%8 The Atrial Fibrillation, Aspirin Anticoagulation Study demonstrated a reduction of strokes by 64% per year with warfarin (INR 2.8-4.2), compared with placebo, a 3.5% per year reduction. A non-significant reduction in stroke was seen with aspirin 75mg8. Where warfarin is contraindicated or patient requests not to initiate therapy, it has been found that a combination of antiplatelets (aspirin and clopidogrel) was associated with a significant reduction in major vascular events compared with aspirin alone. The number of people that would need to be treated with aspirin plus clopidogrel for 3.6years to prevent one vascular event was 421. According to a meta-analysis the combination of both aspirin and warfrin yielded no significant reduction in stroke rates and had increased side effects8. No mortality difference was found between rhythm control and rate control. Although for people older than 65years of age or those with coronary artery disease, a significant difference was found in favour of rate control in terms of all-cause mortality. Studies showed significantly higher rates of hospitalisation and adverse events in the rhythm control group and no difference in quality of life between the two groupsa.Incidence of ischaemic stroke, bleeding and systemic embolism was similar in the two groups, but certain malignant dysrhythmias were significantly more likely to occur in the rhythm control groupa. No cognitive decline was seen with the use of rhythm controlling drugs. Quality of life scores were similar in both groups. Therefore it is recommended that rate control, is used as it is less costly11. IA, IC and III drugs are effective in maintaining sinus rhythm but increased adverse effects. Class IA drugs may increase mortality. Calcium antagonists versus digoxin Seven studies found no difference in average heart rate between calcium antagonists verapamil or diltiazem and digoxin either at rest or during periods of normal daily activity. Studies have found calcium antagonists resulted in a lower heart rate during exercise, compared with digoxin2. Beta-blockers versus digoxin Three studies found no difference in average heart rate between digoxin and beta blockers while at rest or during periods of normal daily activity. However, the beta blockers atenolol and labetalol controlled heart rate during exercise more effectively than digoxin did2. Beta-blockers versus calcium antagonists One crossover study found no difference between the calcium antagonist diltiazem and the beta-blocker atenolol in terms of either the mean heart rate over 24 hours or during exercise2. Beta-blockers with digoxin versus beta-blockers One crossover study found no statistically significant differences in heart rate during periods of exercise. Some studies found the beta-blocker atenolol used in combination with digoxin to be associated with a lower heart rate over 24 hours than atenolol alone2. Calcium antagonists with digoxin versus calcium antagonists Four crossover studies found that calcium antagonists diltiazem or verapamil used in combination with Digoxin to be more effective in controlling heart rate over 24 hours, as well as during periods of exercise, than either diltiazem or verapamil alone2. Section 6: Many people whom suffer from AF suffer no symptoms, some have been diagnosed incidentally1. It is in these patients that concordance is a particular issue. Education as to the risks and complications of the condition are necessary to achieve optimum concordance. It is important that patients are aware the side effects (SE) as well as the dosage regimen. Many of the dugs used in the management of AF have common and serious side effects which patients should be trained to spot. Interactions and side effects of note. Further information can be derived from the British National Formulary (BNF) and a comprehensive analysis available in the most current Stockleys drug interaction. Classes of drugs have been mentioned although this does not mean that the entire class will interact Amiodarone Interactions: Anti-arrhythmic (rate and rhythm modulating), Antibiotics, Anti coagulants, Tricyclic antidepressants, mizolastine, thyroid hormones, diuretics and phenytoin10. it is of note that due to its long half life amiodarone may still interact several months after treatment is stopped particularly relevant in the switching over of treatments. Amiodarone reduces the clearance of warfarin, prolonging prothrombin times (PTs) and elevating international normalized ratios (INRs). To avoid bleeding complications, the patient being put on amiodarone must have their current dosage of warfarin reduced by at least one-third and PT and INR closely monitored until they are stabilized15. Although routine eye examinations should occur to asses the ocular effects of amiodarone, if a patient experiences any visual impairment the treatment should be stopped10. Patients should be aware for the signs of thyroid dysfunction (signs and symptoms of which included in appendix 1) Warfarin interactions: Alcohol, amiodarone, propafenone, analgesics, antibiotics, antidepressants, antiepileptics, thyroid hormones, ulcer healing drugs, lipid regulating drugs, hormones, corticosteroids Warfarin levels are easily effected by changes in diet, major changes in diet should be done in consultation with healthcare professional, commonly eaten foods that are known to interact with warfarin are cranberry, grapefruit and vitamin K rich foods16. bleed or bruise easily. Also, if you bleed, the bleeding may not stop as quickly as normally. For example, you may have: bleeding gums; nosebleeds; prolonged bleeding from cuts; blood in the urine. Beta blocker interactions: Antiarrhythmics (rhythm and rate modulating), antibiotics, antidepressants, mizolastine, antipsychotics and diuretics. Beta blockers should be avoided in people with asthma, or with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease13, Beta-blockers should not be stopped suddenly unless absolutely necessary; there is a risk of rebound in the condition13. Doses are titrated for patients and are gradually increased10. Digoxin interactions: Antiarrhythmics (rate and rhythm modulating), diuretics, anti biotics and anti epileptics. Signs and symptoms of digoxin toxicity are important to report promptly. Digoxin toxicity may cause drowsy, dizzy, and affect your vision, disorientation, confusion, headach or disyurbed vision14. Flecainde interactions: Antiarrhythmics (rate and rhythm modulating), antidepressants, antihistamines, antipsychotics, diuretics and tolterodine Roughly 1% of the general population and 10% of asthma suffers are allergic to aspirin12. Each drug has the potential for interaction with other medication and even food. Self help advice In order to minimise the risk of stroke and heart attacks it is important for patient to receive practical advise on diet as this will impact on blood cholesterol levels, weight management and blood pressure it is of particular importance when the patient is diabetic. Important components in a healthy diet are low fat and salt intakes, with an emphasis on complex carbohydrates found in vegetables. Advice on the sources of esstential fatty acids should be given (for example nuts and oily fish). Smoking cessation counseling and Nicotine replacement therapy should be offered, discussing the statistical significance smoking alone contributes to the Cardio vascular events. Section 7: Pharmacists have contact at various stages along a patients treatment. A specialist PCT pharmacist may manage patients, prescribe, review and monitior. A community pharmacist should attempt medicine use reviews and prepare to make interventions on prescriptions when appropriate. Clinical pharmacists are involved in monitoring and providing guidance on protocols and current evidence. In the future there will be an increased scope for pharmacists to play a larger role when full patient records become available, full clinical reviews may be conducted taking into account the persons history (familial, drug, treatment, condition) and make appropriate interventions and recommendations according to the most current evidence. Section 8: In order for the condition and the services to run effectively is necessary to run audits regularly. This will ensure the national standards are met. Nice guideline audit criteria: All people presenting to primary or secondary care with a hypertension, heart failure, diabetes made or stroke and noted to have an irregular pulse to be offered an ECG and any new diagnosis of AF recorded2. All AF patients in whom a rate-control or rhythm-control strategy is initiated to have their involvement in choosing a treatment strategy recorded2. All patients who are prescribed digoxin as initial monotherapy for rate control to have the reason for this prescription recorded where it is not obvious (e.g. sedentary patient presence of contraindication to alternative agents)2. All patients should be assessed for risk of stroke/thromboembolism and given thromboprophylaxis according to the stroke risk and have this assessment and any antithrombotic therapy recorded2. It is important for pharmacists to keep uodate and maintaining a high levels of competenacy. Advice should be evidence based and current. There are regular updates produced by nice NICE and the Guidelines for atrial fibriliation are a good source of information. Section 9: the National Service Framework for coronary heart disease has a chapter pertains to AF. Arrhythmias are of great importance Cardiac arrhythmia affects more than 700,000 people in England and is consistently in the top ten reasons for hospital admission, using up significant AE time and bed days. AFis the most common arrhythmia, affects up to 1% of the population (rising to 4% in the over 65s) and absorbs almost 1% of the entire budget of the NHS to the NHS16. Of the three quality requirements there are two relevant in AF. Quality requirement one: patient support. People with arrhythmias receive timely and high-quality support and information, based on assessment of their needs16. Markers of good practice People with arrhythmias receive a formal assessment of their support needs and those at significantly increased risk of anxiety, depression or a poor quality of life receive appropriate care16. People with long-term conditions receive support in managing their illness from a named arrhythmia care co-ordinator16. Good quality, timely information about arrhythmic conditions is given by appropriately trained staff16. Quality requirement two: diagnosis and treatment. People presenting with arrhythmias, in both emergency and elective settings, receive timely assessment by an appropriate clinician to ensure accurate diagnosis and effective treatment and rehabilitation16. Markers of Good Practice Initial Treatment All patients receive a hard copy of the ECG documenting their arrhythmia and a copy is placed in their records. Patients who survive out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and patients presenting with pre-excited AF are assessed by a heart rhythm specialist prior to hospital discharge. The following patients are assessed urgently by a heart rhythm specialist: Patients with syncope or any other symptom(s) suggestive of an arrhythmia and a personal history of structural heart disease or a family history of premature sudden death Patients with recurrent syncope associated with palpitations Patients with syncope and pre-excitation Patients with documented 3rd degree AV block (not associated with acute MI) Patients with recurrent syncope in whom a life-threatening cause has not been excluded Patients with documented ventricular tachycardia The following patients are referred to a heart rhythm specialist: Patients with a presumed diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia Patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome or asymptomatic pre-excitation Patients with symptomatic regular recurrent supraventricular tachycardia which is unsuccessfully treated with one type of medication or who would prefer not to take long-term medication Patients with recurrent atrial flutter Patients with symptomatic AF despite optimal medical therapy First degree relatives of victims of sudden cardiac death who died below the age of 40 years Patients with recurrent unexplained falls Markers of Good Practice Ongoing Treatment Mechanisms are in place for urgent referral of patients with sustained or compromising arrhythmias for prioritisation of appropriate treatment. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) are considered in patients presenting with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and in those without demonstrable arrhythmia but identified as being at high risk. Catheter ablation is considered as the treatment of choice in patients presenting with sustained supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) other than AF, and cardioversion of recent onset AF is considered as early as is clinically safe. Where further hospital treatment is not recommended, a care plan is agreed between the patient, GP and the arrhythmia care team, including follow up and support as required. Management of long term conditions and elderly also have a priority in the governments plans and frameworks for the future. Section 10: Emphasis should be on patient centered care, projects such as near patient testing for warfarin have proved to be effective at managing patients and their potential complications. Primary care workers such as GPs PCT pharmacist should screen at risk patients. They shall be involved in the management of there condition frequently monitor patients. If required a referral can be made on lifestyle issues to manage the risk of stroke, e.g. if lipids are elevated may want to refer to a dietitian. Community pharmacists have a role in conduction medicines use reviews and be prepared to make inventions in prescribing, regimen concordance and side effect management/referral. It is of utmost importance that the specialist (cardiologist) makes clear recommendation and maintains communications with their counterparts in primary care.

Power in Congress Essay -- essays research papers

Power In and Over Congress I feel the system is biased because there are inequalities among the representation and participation of interest groups and constituents in the political system. Unfortunately, poor and uneducated citizens aren’t as organized as interest groups, lobbyists and PACs because they lack the money, resources and connections necessary to influence congress members on legislative bills. It is evident that, â€Å"businesses, interest groups and labor unions are spending more than $100 million a month to lobby the federal government†(Associated Press, SFC, 3/7/98). â€Å"The actual population of interest groups in Washington surely reflects that there is a class bias in the membership of interest groups†(JBG). â€Å"Interest groups are organized bodies of individuals who share some political goals and try to influence public policy decisions. Representatives from interest groups are referred to as lobbyists† (JBG). â€Å"Lobbyist seek to bring about the passage or defeat of legislative bills and to influence congress, often using large sums of money in a variety of ways to influence legislative outcomes† (APD). I feel that lobbyists have a great deal of influence within congress because they may have direct connections with congress members in high positions. Through PACs, organizations can pool campaign contributions from group members and donates those funds to candidates for political office. Personally, I feel that PACs have the most influence over congress because their ...

Things Fall Apart :: essays research papers

Things Fall Apart is by the widely acclaimed African author Chinua Achebe. The story told is a tragic one of a person by the name of Okonkwo who's own stubborn views about what it is to be a man leads to his own demise. Okonkwo is often compared by people to the tragic hero like those in Greek tragedies. This is probably the primary way in which the text is interpreted but I feel Achebe is trying to make another point as well through the story. Achebe received inspiration to write the novel from a poem written by an Englishman by the name of William Butler Yeats. The title of the poem is The Second Coming. The poem talks about anarchy that is upon the world during the present time and how things will change with the 'second coming." During this 'second coming'; the chaos that is prevalent will end finally after two thousand years. Achebe uses this poems basic idea by creating the story of Okonkwo who lives in a chaotic and barbaric world. To outsiders who are observing Okonkwo's people, they may certainly seem uncivilized in many ways. Achebe symbolizes the end of this anarchy in Okonkwo's society by the introduction of Christian missionaries who pacify the Ibo people and ultimately cause the death of Okonkwo. I believe Okonkwo is the last and final source of chaos that is finally muted to bring civility to the people. The Ibo people live a very peaceful but ignorant life. At first glance their lifestyle may seem to be normal but when examining the depths of it we can clearly see why it would seem to be chaotic. When I use the term chaos or anarchy I don't mean it in the literal sense but in comparison to the modern world or in particular England. Anarchy or chaos in my usage is meant to be the lack of morals and/or certain values, which we as westerners would agree to be good. There are many things that the Ibo people were accustomed to that we would find horrific and savage. One of their customs was to throw away babies that were borne as identical twins because they were thought of as being bad. Another custom was to mutilate the dead corpse of a baby that was thought to be evil in order to prevent it from being borne again. Another thing that is chaotic about their culture was the fact that their laws and justice system were very perverted.

Bloody Sunday: What Really Happened? Essay -- British History, Europe

On the 30th of January 197213 Catholics were killed by British Paratroopers on the streets of Londonderry. It was the result of an illegal but originally peaceful march led by the NICRA the civil rights movement. The march attracted 15000 people all for a similar cause, to ban Internment. The day became known as Bloody Sunday because of the terrible events that took place. Although the details of what actually happened remain undecided, because of the controversial views of the people that took part in the march. Internment was a law enforced by the government of N Ireland to try and keep the Nationalist population under control. It allowed the Government to put people in prison who were suspected of being terrorists without trial. Consequently only Catholic's were arrested. Bloody Sunday happened because of many years of conflict between Nationalist and Unionist communities. In Northern Ireland nationalists are almost all Catholics and want a united Ireland with no connections with Britain. Unionists are almost all Protestant and want to stay part of the United Kingdom, afraid that if they join the Republic of Ireland the Catholic Church would take over and their economy would break down. The street history and segregation between the communities created a further tension between the two sides. When British Troops came into N. Ireland in 1969 to bring peace between Nationalists and Unionists, peace was restored for a few months, but gradually the British troops went from being the peace makers to the peace destroyers. The British army soon clashed with both Nationalists and Loyalists. The British government handed the control of their army to the Irish government. This meant that the army was run j... ...as to what happened on Bloody Sunday, who fired the first shot, and whether the paratroopers were just retaliating. Both sides had reasons to hate the other and it would have been understandable if either of the sides shot first, when in operation in Ireland the army must have been constantly attacked making the army want to get their own back, but it was their job and this was something they should not have done. The Catholics saw the army as a force that oppressed them and they wanted freedom from that, feeling bitter about those years they also had plenty of reason to shoot. After so many years of conflict in Northern Ireland both sides can not listen to the other, they are so adamant that their own beliefs are correct. The Saville inquiries' conclusions will probably never be acceptable to either the army or the original marchers and their relatives. Bloody Sunday: What Really Happened? Essay -- British History, Europe On the 30th of January 197213 Catholics were killed by British Paratroopers on the streets of Londonderry. It was the result of an illegal but originally peaceful march led by the NICRA the civil rights movement. The march attracted 15000 people all for a similar cause, to ban Internment. The day became known as Bloody Sunday because of the terrible events that took place. Although the details of what actually happened remain undecided, because of the controversial views of the people that took part in the march. Internment was a law enforced by the government of N Ireland to try and keep the Nationalist population under control. It allowed the Government to put people in prison who were suspected of being terrorists without trial. Consequently only Catholic's were arrested. Bloody Sunday happened because of many years of conflict between Nationalist and Unionist communities. In Northern Ireland nationalists are almost all Catholics and want a united Ireland with no connections with Britain. Unionists are almost all Protestant and want to stay part of the United Kingdom, afraid that if they join the Republic of Ireland the Catholic Church would take over and their economy would break down. The street history and segregation between the communities created a further tension between the two sides. When British Troops came into N. Ireland in 1969 to bring peace between Nationalists and Unionists, peace was restored for a few months, but gradually the British troops went from being the peace makers to the peace destroyers. The British army soon clashed with both Nationalists and Loyalists. The British government handed the control of their army to the Irish government. This meant that the army was run j... ...as to what happened on Bloody Sunday, who fired the first shot, and whether the paratroopers were just retaliating. Both sides had reasons to hate the other and it would have been understandable if either of the sides shot first, when in operation in Ireland the army must have been constantly attacked making the army want to get their own back, but it was their job and this was something they should not have done. The Catholics saw the army as a force that oppressed them and they wanted freedom from that, feeling bitter about those years they also had plenty of reason to shoot. After so many years of conflict in Northern Ireland both sides can not listen to the other, they are so adamant that their own beliefs are correct. The Saville inquiries' conclusions will probably never be acceptable to either the army or the original marchers and their relatives.

Toothpaste Market in China

(Excerpt) Research and Investment Forecast Evaluation of Toothpaste Market in China, 2011-2015 Research and Investment Forecast Evaluation of Toothpaste Market in China, 2011-2015 (Excerpt) Huidian Research Publication Date: May 2012 (Excerpt) Research and Investment Forecast Evaluation of Toothpaste Market in China, 2011-2015 11. Consumer Market Analysis of China’s Toothpaste Industry 11. 2 Target Consumer Group Research of Toothpaste Products 11. 2. 3 Consumer Views to Demanded Suitable Toothpaste Type Fig. 40 Demand of Suitable Toothpaste Type Types of Toothpaste Usage Number ConsumerType of ratio Herbaceous Type 85 35% Whitening Type 109 44% Chinese Herbal Medicine Type 44 18% Other Types 8 3% Source: Huidian Research It can be seen from the table above, the most needed type of toothpaste is the whitening type. This shows that consumers pay great attention to vigorous and graceful. In today’s society, image is a very important project, so teeth whitening became a ho t topic gradually. It is easy to see that with the development of society, people pay more and more attention to their images. Teeth are also a part of image and tooth whiting becomes a concern issue, too.Therefore, the whitening toothpaste has become the pursuit of consumers. Table of Contents Chapter I. Status Quo of Industrial Development 1. Overview of Toothpaste Industry 1. 1 Definition and Classification 1. 1. 1 Definition 1. 1. 2 Characteristic 1. 2 Maturity Grade Analysis of Global Toothpaste Industrial Development 1. 2. 1 Market Maturity Grade Comparison between Home and Abroad 1. 2. 2 Maturity Grade Analysis of Toothpaste Industry and Sub-industries 2. Development of Global Toothpaste Industry 2. 1 Analysis of Global Toothpaste Market 2. 2 Characteristics of Toothpaste Market in Major Countries . Development Status Quo of China’s Toothpaste Industry 3. 1 Development Status Quo of China’s Toothpaste Industry 3. 1. 1 Development Status Quo of Toothpaste Industr ial Brand (Excerpt) Research and Investment Forecast Evaluation of Toothpaste Market in China, 2011-2015 3. 1. 2 Status Quo of Toothpaste Industrial Consumer Market 3. 1. 3 Consumption Level of Toothpaste Market 3. 2 Development Situation of Toothpaste Industry from 2009 to 2011 3. 3 Operation of Toothpaste Industry from 2009 to 2011 3. 1. 1 Profit of Toothpaste Industry from 2010 to 2011 3. 1. Production and Marketing of Toothpaste Industry from 2010 to 2011 3. 4 Analysis and Thinking about China’s Toothpaste Market 4. Research on China’s Toothpaste Market Development 4. 1 Research on China’s Toothpaste Market Development in 2010 4. 2 Market Situation of China’s Toothpaste Industry in 2011 4. 3 Development Characteristic of China’s Toothpaste Market in 2012 5. Consumer Survey of China’s Toothpaste Market 5. 1 Consumer Survey of China’s Toothpaste Market Consumption in 2010 5. 1. 1 Overall Market Share 5. 1. 2 Marker Share in Key Citi es 5. 1. 3 Used Rate Analysis 5. 1. 4 Toothpaste Types in Use . 1. 5 Toothpaste Using Quantity within Half a Year (150g Pack) 5. 1. 6 Purchasing Place 5. 2 Characteristic Research on China’s Toothpaste Users in 2010 5. 2. 1 Characteristics of Colgate Toothpaste’s Users 5. 2. 2 Characteristics of Crest Toothpaste’s Users 5. 2. 3 Characteristics of Zhonghua Toothpaste’s Users 5. 2. 4 Characteristics of Darlie Toothpaste’s Users 5. 2. 5 Characteristics of Yunnan Baiyao Toothpaste’s Users 5. 2. 6 Characteristics of LG Bamboo Salt Toothpaste’s Users 5. 2. 7 Characteristics of Amway Glister Toothpaste’s Users 6. Economic Operation Analysis of Toothpaste Industry . 1 Analysis of Toothpaste Output from 2010 to 2011 6. 2 Main Economic Indicator Analysis of Toothpaste Industry from 2010 to 2011 6. 3 Analysis of China’s Toothpaste Industrial Performance from 2010 to 2011 6. 3. 1 Analysis of Industrial Profitability from 2010 to 201 1 6. 3. 2 Analysis of Industrial Operation Capability from 2010 to 2011 6. 3. 3 Analysis of Industrial Solvency from 2010 to 2011 6. 3. 4 Analysis of Industrial Growth Capability from 2010 to 2011 7. Import and Export of China’s Toothpaste Industry 7. 1 Import Analysis of China’s Toothpaste Industry from 2010 to 2011 7. Export Analysis of China’s Toothpaste Industry from 2010 to 2011 8. Development Analysis of Toothpaste Market Segment (Excerpt) Research and Investment Forecast Evaluation of Toothpaste Market in China, 2011-2015 8. 1 Traditional Chinese Medicine Toothpaste 8. 1. 1 Analysis of Industrial Development Status Quo from 2010 to 2011 8. 1. 2 Analysis of Market Scale from 2010 to 2011 8. 1. 3 Analysis of Industrial Development Strategy from 2010 to 2011 8. 2 Fluoride Toothpaste 8. 2. 1 Introduction 8. 2. 2 New Standards 8. 2. 3 Limit of Fluorine Content in Children’s Toothpaste 8. 3 Salty Toothpaste 8. 3. 1 Development Status . 3. 2 Salty Toothpa ste became the First Choice of Consumers 9. Development Analysis of Relevant Industries 9. 1 Toothbrush 9. 1. 1 Analysis of Toothbrush Market 9. 1. 2 Analysis of Electric Toothbrush Market Opportunity 9. 1. 3 Development Trend of Toothbrush Industry 9. 2 Mouthwash 9. 2. 1 Introduction 9. 2. 2 Mouthwash Brand 9. 2. 3 Introduction of Consumption Status 10. Regional Market Analysis of China’s Toothpaste Industry 10. 1 North China 10. 2 Northeast Region 10. 3 Eastern China 10. 4 South China 10. 5 Central China 10. 6 Western China 11. Consumer Market Analysis of China’s Toothpaste Industry 11. Income Analysis of China’s Toothpaste Consumer 11. 1. 1 Analysis of China’s Population and People’s Livelihood 11. 1. 2 Analysis of Consumer Income Level from 2010 to 2011 11. 1. 3 Analysis of Consumer Confidence Index in 2011 11. 2 Research on Target Consumer Group of Toothpaste Products 11. 2. 1 Consumer Views to Toothpaste Prices 11. 2. 2 Consumer Views to Toot hpaste Demanded Functions 11. 2. 3 Consumer Views to Demanded Suitable Toothpaste Type 11. 3 Factors Affecting Consumer Behavior 11. 3. 1 Social Productive Force 11. 3. 2 Consumers’ Income and Commodity Price 11. 3. 3 Personal Preference 1. 3. 4 National Tradition (Excerpt) Research and Investment Forecast Evaluation of Toothpaste Market in China, 2011-2015 11. 3. 5 Individual Character and Self-concept Chapter II. Industrial Competitive Structure 12. Competitive Structure Analysis of Toothpaste Industry 12. 1 Analysis of Industrial Competitive Structure 12. 2 Analysis of Industrial Concentration Degree 12. 2. 1 Analysis of Market Concentration Degree 12. 2. 2 Analysis of Enterprise Concentration Degree 12. 3 Overview of Competitive Structure in China’s Toothpaste Industry 12. 4 Research of Toothpaste Brands in 2010 12. Competitive Structure Analysis of Toothpaste Industry from 2010 to 2011 13. Competitive Strategy Analysis of Toothpaste Enterprises 13. 1 Competitive S trategy Analysis of Toothpaste Market 13. 1. 1 Product Upgrade 13. 1. 2 Focus on Channel Construction 13. 1. 3 Brand Construction 13. 2 Competitive Strategy Analysis of Toothpaste Enterprises 13. 2. 1 Foreign Capital 13. 2. 2 Native Capital 13. 2. 3 Other Kinds of Capital 14. Competitive Analysis of Foreign Key Toothpaste Enterprises 14. 1 Colgate-Palmolive Company 14. 1. 1 Company Profile 14. 1. 2 Analysis of Competitive Advantages 14. 1. Operation Situation 14. 1. 4 Development Strategy from 2012 to 2015 14. 2 Procter & Gamble (P&G) 14. 2. 1 Company Profile 14. 2. 2 Analysis of Competitive Advantages 14. 2. 3 Operation Situation from 2012 to 2015 14. 2. 4 Development Strategy from 2012 to 2015 14. 3 Unilever 14. 3. 1 Company Profile 14. 3. 2 Analysis of Competitive Advantages 14. 3. 3 Operation Situation from 2012 to 2015 14. 3. 4 Development Strategy from 2012 to 2015 14. 4 LG Household & Health Care 14. 4. 1 Company Profile 14. 4. 2 Analysis of Competitive Advantages 14. 4. 3 Op eration Situation from 2012 to 2015 14. 4. Development Strategy from 2012 to 2015 (Excerpt) Research and Investment Forecast Evaluation of Toothpaste Market in China, 2011-2015 15. Competitive Analysis of Key Toothpaste Enterprises 15. 1 Guangzhou Masson Share Co. Ltd. 15. 1. 1 Company Profile 15. 1. 2 Analysis of Competitive Situation 15. 1. 3 Development Strategy from 2012 to 2015 15. 2 Liuzhou LMZ Co. , Ltd. 15. 2. 1 Company Profile 15. 2. 2 Analysis of Competitive Advantages 15. 2. 3 Operation Situation from 2010 to 2011 15. 2. 4 Development Strategy from 2012 to 2015 15. 3 Yunnan Baiyao Group Co. , Ltd. 15. 3. 1 Company Profile 15. . 2 Sales Mode 15. 3. 3 Operation Situation from 2010 to 2011 15. 3. 4 Development Strategy from 2012 to 2015 15. 4 Nice Group 15. 4. 1 Company Profile 15. 4. 2 Operation Situation from 2010 to 2011 15. 4. 3 Development Strategy from 2012 to 2015 15. 5 Dencare (Chongqing) Oral Care Co. , Ltd. 15. 5. 1 Company Profile 15. 5. 2 Analysis of Competitive Advantages 15. 5. 3 Shortage of Dencare 15. 6 Haolai Chemical (zhongshan) Co. , Ltd. 15. 6. 1 Company Profile 15. 6. 2 Analysis of Competitive Advantages 15. 6. 3 Development Strategy from 2012 to 2015 Chapter III. Forecast of Industrial Prospect 6. Analysis of Toothpaste Industrial Development Trend 16. 1 Prospect and Opportunity Analysis of China’s Toothpaste Industry 16. 2 Development Trend Analysis of China’s Toothpaste Market from 2012 to 2015 16. 2. 1 Product Aspect 16. 2. 2 Price Aspect 16. 2. 3 Channel Aspect 16. 2. 4 Promotion Aspect 16. 2. 5 Packaging Aspect 16. 2. 6 Spread Aspect 17. Forecast of Toothpaste Industrial Development 17. 1 Forecast of Demand and Consumption (Excerpt) Research and Investment Forecast Evaluation of Toothpaste Market in China, 2011-2015 17. 1. 1 Forecast of Market Scale from 2012 to 2015 17. 1. Forecast of Industrial Gross Output Value from 2012 to 2015 17. 1. 3 Forecast of Industrial Sales Revenue from 2012 to 2015 17. 1. 4 Forecas t of Industrial Total Assets from 2012 to 2015 17. 2 Demand and Supply Forecast of China’s Toothpaste Industry 17. 2. 1 Supply Forecast from 2010 to 2015 17. 2. 2 Demand Forecast from 2012 to 2015 17. 2. 3 Supply and Demand Balance Forecast from 2012 to 2015 Chapter IV. Research of Investment Strategy 18. Investment Status Quo Analysis of Toothpaste Industry 18. 1 Investment Status Analysis of Toothpaste Industry in 2010 18. 1. 1 Investment Status by Registration in 2010 18. 1. Investment Status of Small-sized, Medium-sized and Large-sized Enterprises in 2010 18. 1. 3 Investment Status by Holding Type in 2010 18. 2 Investment Status Analysis of Toothpaste Industry in 2011 18. 2. 1 Investment Status by Registration in 2011 18. 2. 2 Investment Status of Small-sized, Medium-sized and Large-sized Enterprises in 2011 18. 2. 3 Investment Status by Holding Type in 2011 19. Investment Environment Analysis of Toothpaste Industry 19. 1 Analysis of Economic Development Environment 19. 2 Analysis of Policy, Laws and Regulations Environment 20. Investment Opportunity and Risk of Toothpaste Industry 0. 1 Comparison and Analysis of Industrial Activity Coefficient 20. 2 Comparison and Analysis of the Rate of Return on Investment 20. 3 Return on Investment Forecast of Toothpaste Industry from 2012 to2015 20. 4 Analysis of Investment Risk and Control Strategy 21. Research of Toothpaste Industrial Investment Strategy 21. 1 Research of Development Strategy 21. 2 Strategic Thinking of China’s Toothpaste Brands 21. 1. 1 Significance of Enterprise Brands 21. 1. 2 Meaning of Brand Strategy Implement 21. 1. 3 Status Quo Analysis of Toothpaste Brands 21. 1. 4 Brand Strategy of China’s Toothpaste Enterprises 1. 1. 5 Strategic Management Strategy of Toothpaste Brands 21. 3 Operation and Management Strategies of Toothpaste Enterprises 21. 3. 1 Grasp the Market Demand 21. 3. 2 Establish a Wide Network and Convenience for Purchase (Excerpt) Research and Investment Forec ast Evaluation of Toothpaste Market in China, 2011-2015 21. 3. 3 Stimulate Consumption and Create Demand 21. 3. 4 Focus on Product Brands 21. 3. 5 Control Product Quality 21. 3. 6 Strengthen Management and Controlling Force 21. 3. 7 Strengthen the Advertising Promotion 21. 4 Research of Toothpaste Industry Investment Strategy

Separation of Eddy Current and Hysteresis Losses

Laboratory Report Assignment N. 2 Separation of Eddy Current and Hysteresis Losses Instructor Name:  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dr. Walid Hubbi By: Dante Castillo Mordechi Dahan Haley Kim November 21, 2010 ECE 494 A -102 Electrical Engineering Lab Ill Table of Contents Objectives3 Equipment and Parts4 Equipment and parts ratings5 Procedure6 Final Connection Diagram7 Data Sheets8 Computations and Results10 Curves14 Analysis20 Discussion27 Conclusion28 Appendix29 Bibliography34 ObjectivesInitially, the purpose of this laboratory experiment was to separate the eddy-current and hysteresis losses at various frequencies and flux densities utilizing the Epstein Core Loss Testing equipment. However, due to technical difficulties encountered when using the watt-meters, and time constraints, we were unable to finish the experiment. Our professor acknowledging the fact that it was not our fault changed the objective of the experiment to the following: * To experimentally determine the inductance value of an in ductor with and without a magnetic core. * To experimentally determine the total loss in the core of the transformer.Equipment and Parts * 1 low-power-factor (LPF) watt-meter * 2 digital multi-meters * 1 Epstein piece of test equipment * Single-phase variac Equipment and parts ratings Multimeters: Alpa 90 Series Multimeter APPA-95 Serial No. 81601112 Wattmetters:Hampden Model: ACWM-100-2 Single-phase variac:Part Number: B2E 0-100 Model: N/A (LPF) Watt-meter: Part Number: 43284 Model: PY5 Epstein test equipment: Part Number: N/A Model: N/A Procedure The procedure for this laboratory experiment consists of two phases: A. Watt-meters accuracy determination -Recording applied voltage -Measuring current flowing into test circuit Plotting relative error vs. voltage applied B. Determination of Inductance value for inductor w/ and w/o a magnetic core -Measuring the resistance value of the inductor -Recording applied voltages and measuring current flowing into the circuit If part A of the ab ove described procedure had been successful, we would have followed the following set of instructions: 1. Complete table 2. 1 using (2. 10) 2. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 2. 1 3. Connect the power supply from the bench panel to the INPUT of the single phase variac and connect the OUTPUT of the variac to the circuit. 4.Wait for the instructor to adjust the frequency and maximum output voltage available for your panel. 5. Adjust the variac to obtain voltages Es as calculated in table 2. 1. For each applied voltage, measure and record Es and W in table 2. 2. The above sets of instructions make references to the manual of our course. Final Connection Diagram Figure 1: Circuit for Epstein core loss test set-up The above diagrams were obtained from the section that describes the experiment in the student manual. Data Sheets Part 1: Experimentally Determining the Inductance Value of Inductor Table 1: Measurements obtained without magnetic coreInductor Without Magnetic Core| V [V ]| I [A]| Z [ohm]| P [W]| 20| 1. 397| 14. 31639| 27. 94| 10| 0. 78| 12. 82051| 7. 8| 15| 1. 067| 14. 05811| 16. 005| Table 2: Measurements obtained with magnetic core Inductor With Magnetic Core| V [V]| I [A]| Z [ohm]| P [W]| 10. 2| 0. 188| 54. 25532| 1. 9176| 15. 1| 0. 269| 56. 13383| 4. 0619| 20| 0. 35| 57. 14286| 7| Part 2: Experimentally Determining Losses in the Core of the Epstein Testing Equipment Table 3: Core loss data provided by instructor | f=30 Hz| f=40 Hz| f=50 Hz| f=60 Hz| Bm| Es [Volts]| W [Watts]| Es [Volts]| W [Watts]| Es [Volts]| W [Watts]| Es [Volts]| W [Watts]| 0. | 20. 8| 1. 0| 27. 7| 1. 5| 34. 6| 3. 0| 41. 5| 3. 8| 0. 6| 31. 1| 2. 5| 41. 5| 4. 5| 51. 9| 6. 0| 62. 3| 7. 5| 0. 8| 41. 5| 4. 5| 55. 4| 7. 4| 69. 2| 11. 3| 83. 0| 15. 0| 1. 0| 51. 9| 7. 0| 69. 2| 11. 5| 86. 5| 16. 8| 103. 6| 21. 3| 1. 2| 62. 3| 10. 4| 83. 0| 16. 2| 103. 8| 22. 5| 124. 5| 33. 8| Table 4: Calculated values of Es for different values of Bm Es=1. 73*f*Bm| Bm| f=30 Hz| f=40 Hz| f=50 Hz| f =60 Hz| 0. 4| 20. 76| 27. 68| 34. 6| 41. 52| 0. 6| 31. 14| 41. 52| 51. 9| 62. 28| 0. 8| 41. 52| 55. 36| 69. 2| 83. 04| 1| 51. 9| 69. 2| 86. 5| 103. 8| 1. 2| 62. 28| 83. 04| 103. 8| 124. 56| Computations and ResultsPart 1: Experimentally Determining the Inductance Value of Inductor Table 5: Calculating values of inductances with and without magnetic core Calculating Inductances| Resistance [ohm]| 2. 50| Impedence w/o Magnetic Core (mean) [ohm]| 13. 73| Impedence w/ Magnetic Core (mean) [ohm]| 55. 84| Reactance w/o Magnetic Core [ohm]| 13. 50| Reactance w/ Magnetic Core [ohm]| 55. 79| Inductance w/o Magnetic Core [henry]| 0. 04| Inductance w/ Magnetic Core [henry]| 0. 15| The values in Table 4 were calculated using the following formulas: Z=VI Z=R+jX X=Z2-R2 L=X2 60 Part 2: Experimentally Determining Losses in the Core of the Epstein TestingEquipment Table 5: Calculation of hysteresis and Eddy-current losses Table 2. 3: Data Sheet for Eddy-Current and Hysteresis Losses|   | f=30 Hz| f=40 Hz| f=50 Hz| f=60 Hz| Bm| slope| y-intercept| Pe [W]| Ph [W]| Pe [W]| Ph [W]| Pe [W]| Ph [W]| Pe [W]| Ph [W]| 0. 4| 0. 0011| -0. 0021| 1. 01| 0. 06| 1. 80| 0. 08| 2. 81| 0. 10| 4. 05| 0. 12| 0. 6| 0. 0013| 0. 0506| 1. 19| 1. 52| 2. 12| 2. 02| 3. 31| 2. 53| 4. 77| 3. 03| 0. 8| 0. 0034| 0. 0493| 3. 07| 1. 48| 5. 46| 1. 97| 8. 53| 2. 47| 12. 28| 2. 96| 1. 0| 0. 0041| 0. 1169| 3. 72| 3. 51| 6. 62| 4. 68| 10. 34| 5. 85| 14. 89| 7. 01| 1. 2| 0. 0070| 0. 1285| 6. 6| 3. 86| 11. 12| 5. 14| 17. 38| 6. 43| 25. 02| 7. 71| Table 6: Calculation of relative error between measure core loss and the sum of the calculated hysteresis and Eddy-current losses at f=30 Hz W=Pe+Ph @ f=30 Hz| W [Watts]| Pe [Watts]| Ph [Watts]| Pe+Ph| Rel. Error| 1. 0| 1. 0125| 0. 0625| 1. 075| 7. 50%| 2. 5| 1. 1925| 1. 5174| 2. 7099| 8. 40%| 4. 5| 3. 069| 1. 479| 4. 548| 1. 07%| 7. 0| 3. 7215| 3. 507| 7. 2285| 3. 26%| 10. 4| 6. 255| 3. 855| 10. 11| 2. 79%| Table 7: Calculation of relative error between measure core los s and the sum of the calculated hysteresis and Eddy-current losses at f=40 HzW=Pe+Ph @ f=40 Hz| W [Watts]| Pe [Watts]| Ph [Watts]| Pe+Ph| Rel. Error| 1. 5| 1. 8| 0. 0833| 1. 8833| 25. 55%| 4. 5| 2. 12| 2. 0232| 4. 1432| 7. 93%| 7. 4| 5. 456| 1. 972| 7. 428| 0. 38%| 11. 5| 6. 616| 4. 676| 11. 292| 1. 81%| 16. 2| 11. 12| 5. 14| 16. 26| 0. 37%| Table 8: Calculation of relative error between measure core loss and the sum of the calculated hysteresis and Eddy-current losses at f=50 Hz W=Pe+Ph @ f=50 Hz| W [Watts]| Pe [Watts]| Ph [Watts]| Pe+Ph| Rel. Error| 3. 0| 2. 8125| 0. 1042| 2. 9167| 2. 78%| 6. 0| 3. 3125| 2. 529| 5. 8415| 2. 64%| 11. 3| 8. 525| 2. 465| 10. 99| 2. 1%| 16. 8| 10. 3375| 5. 845| 16. 1825| 3. 39%| 22. 5| 17. 375| 6. 425| 23. 8| 5. 78%| Table 9: Calculation of relative error between measure core loss and the sum of the calculated hysteresis and Eddy-current losses at f=60 Hz W=Pe+Ph @ f=60 Hz| W [Watts]| Pe [Watts]| Ph [Watts]| Pe+Ph| Rel. Error| 3. 8| 4. 05| 0. 125| 4. 175| 11. 33%| 7. 5| 4. 77| 3. 0348| 7. 8048| 4. 06%| 15. 0| 12. 276| 2. 958| 15. 234| 1. 56%| 21. 3| 14. 886| 7. 014| 21. 9| 3. 06%| 33. 8| 25. 02| 7. 71| 32. 73| 3. 02%| Curves Figure 1: Power ratio vs. frequency for Bm=0. 4 Figure 2: Power ratio vs. frequency for Bm=0. 6Figure 3: Power ratio vs. frequency for Bm=0. 8 Figure 4: Power ratio vs. frequency for Bm=1. 0 Figure 5: Power ratio vs. frequency for Bm=1. 2 Figure 6: Plot of the log of normalized hysteresis loss vs. log of magnetic flux density Figure 7: Plot of the log of normalized Eddy-current loss vs. log of magnetic flux density Figure 8: Plot of Kg core loss vs. frequency Figure 9: Plot of hysteresis power loss vs. frequency for different values of Bm Figure 10: Plot of Eddy-current power loss vs. frequency for different values of Bm Analysis Figure 11: Linear fit through power frequency ratio vs. requency for Bm=0. 4 The plot in Figure 6 was generated using Matlab’s curve fitting tool. In addition, in order to ob tain the straight line displayed in figure 6, an exclusion rule was created in which the data points in the middle were ignored. The slope and the y-intercept of the line are p1 and p2 respectively. y=mx+b fx=p1x+p2 m=p1=0. 001125 b=p2=-0. 002083 Figure 12: Linear fit through power frequency ratio vs. frequency for Bm=0. 6 The plot in figure 7 was generated in the same manner as the plot in figure 6. The slope and y-intercept obtained for this case are: m=p1=0. 001325 b=p2=0. 5058 Figure 13: Linear fit through power frequency ratio vs. frequency for Bm=0. 8 For the linear fit displayed in figure 8, no exclusion was used. The data points were well behaved; therefore the exclusion was not necessary. The slope and y-intercept are the following: m=p1=0. 00341 b=p2=0. 0493 Figure 14: Linear fit through power frequency ratio vs. frequency for Bm=1. 0 The use of exclusions was not necessary for this particular fit. The slope and y-intercept are listed below: m=p1=0. 004135 b=p2=0. 1169 Fig ure 15: Linear fit through power frequency ratio vs. frequency for Bm=1. 2The use of exclusions was not necessary for this particular fit. The slope and y-intercept are listed below: m=p1=0. 00695 b=p2=0. 1285 Figure 16: Linear fit through log (Kh*Bm^n) vs. log Bm For the plot in figure 11, exclusion was created to ignore the value in the bottom left corner. This was done because this value was negative which implies that the hysteresis loss had to be negative, and this result did not make sense. The slope of this straight line represents the exponent n and the y intercept represents log(Kh). b=logKh>Kh=10b=10-1. 014=0. 097 n=m=1. 554 Figure 17: Linear fit through log (Ke*Bm^2) vs. og Bm No exclusion rule was necessary to perform the linear fit through the data points. b=logKe>Ke=10b=0. 004487 Discussion 1. Discuss how eddy-current losses and hysteresis losses can be reduced in a transformer core. To reduce eddy-currents, the armature and field cores are constructed from laminated s teel sheets. The laminated sheets are insulated from one another so that current cannot flow from one sheet to the other. To   reduce   hysteresis   losses,   most   DC   armatures   are   constructed   of   heat-treated   silicon   steel, which has an inherently low hysteresis loss. . Using the hysteresis loss data, compute the value for the constant n. n=1. 554 The details of how this parameter was computed are under the analysis section. 3. Explain why the wattmeter voltage coil must be connected across the secondary winding terminals. The watt-meter voltage coil must be connected across the secondary winding terminals because the whole purpose of this experiment is to measure and separate the losses that occur in the core of a transformer, and connecting the potential coil to the secondary is the only way of measuring the loss.Recall that in an ideal transformer P into the primary is equal to P out of the secondary, but in reality, P into the primary is n ot equal to P out of the secondary. This is due to the core losses that we want to measure in this experiment. Conclusion I believe that this laboratory experiment was successful because the objectives of both part 1 and 2 were fulfilled, namely, to experimentally determine the inductance value of an inductor with and without a magnetic core and to separate the core losses into Hysteresis and Eddy-current losses.The inductance values were determined and the values obtained made sense. As expected the inductance of an inductor without the addition of a magnetic core was less than that of an inductor with a magnetic core. Furthermore, part 2 of this experiment was successful in the sense that after our professor provided us with the necessary measurement values, meaningful data analysis and calculations were made possible. The data obtained using matlab’s curve fitting toolbox made physical sense and allowed us to plot several required graphs.Even though analyzing the first set of values our professor provided us with was very difficult and time consuming, after receiving an email with more detailed information on how to analyze the data provided to us, we were able to get the job done. In addition to fulfilling the goals of this experiment, I consider this laboratory was even more of a success because it provided us with the opportunity of using matlab for data analysis and visualization. I know this is a valuable skill to mastery over. Appendix Matlab Code used to generate plots and the linear fits %% Defining range of variables Bm=[0. 4:. 2:1. ]; % Maximum magnetic flux density f=[30:10:60]; % range of frequencies in Hz Es1=[20. 8 31. 1 41. 5 51. 9 62. 3]; % Induced voltage on the secundary @ 30 Hz Es2=[27. 7 41. 5 55. 4 69. 2 83. 0]; % Induced voltage on the secundary @ 40 Hz Es3=[34. 6 51. 9 69. 2 86. 5 103. 8]; % Induced voltage on the secundary @ 50 Hz Es4=[41. 5 62. 3 83. 0 103. 6 124. 5]; % Induced voltage on the secundary @ 60 Hz W1=[1 2. 5 4. 5 7 10. 4]; % Power loss in the core @ 30 Hz W2=[1. 5 4. 5 7. 4 11. 5 16. 2]; % Power loss in the core @ 40 Hz W3=[3 6 11. 3 16. 8 22. ]; % Power loss in the core @ 50 Hz W4=[3. 8 7. 5 15. 0 21. 3 33. 8]; % Power loss in the core @ 60 Hz W=[W1†² W2†² W3†² W4†²]; % Power loss for all frequencies W_f1=W(1,:). /f; % Power to frequency ratio for Bm=0. 4 W_f2=W(2,:). /f; % Power to frequency ratio for Bm=0. 6 W_f3=W(3,:). /f; % Power to frequency ratio for Bm=0. 8 W_f4=W(4,:). /f; % Power to frequency ratio for Bm=1 W_f5=W(5,:). /f; % Power to frequency ratio for Bm=1. 2 %% Generating plots of W/f vs frequency for diffrent values of Bm Plotting W/f vs. frequency for Bm=0. 4 plot(f,W_f1,'rX','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Power Ratio [W/Hz]'); grid on; title(‘Power Ratio vs. Frequency For Bm=0. 4†²); % Plotting W/f vs. frequency for Bm=0. 6 figure(2); plot(f,W_f2,'rX','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(â €˜Power Ratio [W/Hz]'); grid on; title(‘Power Ratio vs. Frequency For Bm=0. 6†²); % Plotting W/f vs. frequency for Bm=0. 8 figure(3); plot(f,W_f3,'rX','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Power Ratio [W/Hz]'); grid on; title(‘Power Ratio vs. Frequency For Bm=0. 8†²); % Plotting W/f vs. frequency for Bm=1. figure(4); plot(f,W_f4,'rX','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Power Ratio [W/Hz]'); grid on; title(‘Power Ratio vs. Frequency For Bm=1. 0†²); % Plotting W/f vs. frequency for Bm=1. 2 figure(5); plot(f,W_f5,'rX','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Power Ratio [W/Hz]'); grid on; title(‘Power Ratio vs. Frequency For Bm=1. 2†²); %% Obtaining Kh and n b=[-0. 002083 0. 05058 0. 0493 0. 1169 0. 1285]; % b=Kh*Bm^n log_b=log10(abs(b)); % Computing the log of magnitude of b( y-intercept) log_Bm=log10(Bm); % Computing the log of Bm Plotting log(Kh*Bm^n) vs. log(B m) figure(6); plot(log_Bm,log_b,'rX','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘log(Bm)'); ylabel(‘log(Kh*Bm^n)'); grid on; title(‘Log of Normalized Hysteresis Loss vs. Log of Magnetic Flux Density'); %% Obtaining Ke m=[0. 001125 0. 001325 0. 00341 0. 004135 0. 00695]; % m=Ke*Bm^2 log_m=log10(m); % Computing the log of m% Plotting log(Ke*Bm^2) vs. log(Bm) figure(7); plot(log_Bm,log_m,'rX','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘log(Bm)'); ylabel(‘log(Ke*Bm^2)'); grid on; title(‘Log of Normalized Eddy-Current Loss vs. Log of Magnetic Flux Density'); % Plotting W/10 vs. frequency at different values of Bm PLD1=W(1,:). /10; % Power Loss Density for Bm=0. 4 PLD2=W(2,:). /10; % Power Loss Density for Bm=0. 6 PLD3=W(3,:). /10; % Power Loss Density for Bm=0. 8 PLD4=W(4,:). /10; % Power Loss Density for Bm=1. 0 PLD5=W(5,:). /10; % Power Loss Density for Bm=1. 2 figure(8); plot(f,PLD1,'rX','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Power Loss Density [W/Kg]'); grid on; title(‘Power Loss Density vs. Frequency'); old; plot(f,PLD2,'bX','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Power Loss Density [W/Kg]'); grid on; title(‘Power Loss Density vs. Frequency'); plot(f,PLD3,'kX','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Power Loss Density [W/Kg]'); grid on; title(‘Power Loss Density vs. Frequency'); plot(f,PLD4,'mX','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Power Loss Density [W/Kg]'); grid on; title(‘Power Loss Density vs. Frequency'); plot(f,PLD5,'gX','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Power Loss Density [W/Kg]'); grid on; title(‘Power Loss Density vs.Frequency');legend(‘Bm=0. 4†²,'Bm=0. 6', ‘Bm=0. 8', ‘Bm=1. 0', ‘Bm=1. 2†²); %% Defining Ph and Pe Ph=abs(f'*b); Pe=abs(((f'). ^2)*m); %% Plotting Ph for different values of frequency % For Bm=0. 4 figure(9); plot(f,Ph(:,1),'r','MarkerSize',12); xl abel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Hysteresis Power Loss [W]'); grid on; title(‘Hysteresis Power Loss vs. Frequency'); % For Bm=0. 6 hold; plot(f,Ph(:,2),'k','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Hysteresis Power Loss [W]'); grid on; title(‘Hysteresis Power Loss vs. Frequency'); % For Bm=0. 8 lot(f,Ph(:,3),'g','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Hysteresis Power Loss [W]'); grid on; title(‘Hysteresis Power Loss vs. Frequency'); % For Bm=1. 0 plot(f,Ph(:,4),'b','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Hysteresis Power Loss [W]'); grid on; title(‘Hysteresis Power Loss vs. Frequency'); % For Bm=1. 0 plot(f,Ph(:,5),'c','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Hysteresis Power Loss [W]'); grid on; title(‘Hysteresis Power Loss vs. Frequency'); legend(‘Bm=0. 4†²,'Bm=0. 6', ‘Bm=0. 8', ‘Bm=1. 0', ‘Bm=1. 2†²); % Plotting P e vs frequency for different values of Bm % For Bm=0. 4 figure(9); plot(f,Pe(:,1),'r','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Hysteresis Power Loss [W]'); grid on; title(‘Hysteresis Power Loss vs. Frequency'); % For Bm=0. 6 hold; plot(f,Pe(:,2),'k','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Hysteresis Power Loss [W]'); grid on; title(‘Hysteresis Power Loss vs. Frequency'); % For Bm=0. 8 plot(f,Pe(:,3),'g','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Hysteresis Power Loss [W]'); grid on; title(‘Hysteresis Power Loss vs. Frequency'); For Bm=1. 0 plot(f,Pe(:,4),'b','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Hysteresis Power Loss [W]'); grid on; title(‘Hysteresis Power Loss vs. Frequency'); % For Bm=1. 0 plot(f,Pe(:,5),'c','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Eddy-Current Power Loss [W]'); grid on; title(‘Eddy-Current Power Loss vs. Frequency'); l egend(‘Bm=0. 4†²,'Bm=0. 6', ‘Bm=0. 8', ‘Bm=1. 0', ‘Bm=1. 2'); Bibliography Chapman, Stephen J. Electric Machinery Fundamentals. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education, 2005. Print. http://www. tpub. com/content/doe/h1011v2/css/h1011v2_89. htm